Q: A patient has a heart rate of 80 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 70 mL per beat. What is their cardiac output in liters per minute? Use the formula $$CO = HR \times SV.$$

$$CO = 80 \times 70 = 5600 mL/$$min = 5.6 L/min

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the cardiovascular system?

Accepted Answer

To transport nutrients, oxygen, waste, heat, hormones, and immune cells throughout the body

Question 2

A patient has a heart rate of 80 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 70 mL per beat. What is their cardiac output in liters per minute? Use the formula $$CO = HR 	imes SV.$$

Accepted Answer

$$CO = 80 	imes 70 = 5600 mL/$$min = 5.6 L/min

Question 3

Which layer of the heart acts as a natural lubricant to reduce friction as the heart beats?

Accepted Answer

Pericardial fluid within the pericardium

Question 4

During ventricular systole, which valve closes to prevent backflow of blood into the left ventricle?

Accepted Answer

Mitral (bicuspid) valve closes, and the aortic semilunar valve opens

Question 5

Which of the following statements about arteries and veins is correct?

Accepted Answer

Arteries carry blood away from the heart, and veins carry blood toward the heart

Question 6

A patient’s blood pressure is measured as 120/80 mmHg. What does the 120 represent?

Accepted Answer

The pressure in the arteries during ventricular contraction (systolic pressure)

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why high blood pressure can damage arterial walls?

Accepted Answer

It causes excessive force against the arterial walls, which may cause inflammation and injury

Question 8

Which structure prevents blood from flowing backward into the atria when the ventricles contract?

Accepted Answer

Atrioventricular (AV) valves

Question 9

If the left ventricle fails to pump efficiently, which of the following is a likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Blood backs up into the pulmonary circulation, potentially causing pulmonary edema

Question 10

Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow through the heart and lungs?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of the septum in the heart?

Accepted Answer

It prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood between the left and right sides of the heart

Question 12

A person’s heart beats 100,000 times per day. If their average stroke volume is 70 mL, how much blood does their heart pump in a day? Use the formula $$Total\ Volume = HR 	imes SV 	imes Days.$$

Accepted Answer

$$Total\ Volume = 100,000 	imes 70 = 7,000,000 mL = 7$$,000 L

Question 13

Which of the following is a direct result of ventricular diastole?

Accepted Answer

The ventricles relax and fill with blood from the atria

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why the heart is considered a double pump?

Accepted Answer

It pumps blood to both the lungs and the rest of the body simultaneously

Question 15

Which of the following is the correct definition of systolic blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

The peak pressure in the arteries produced by ventricular contraction

Question 16

Which of the following would most likely occur if the chordae tendineae were damaged?

Accepted Answer

The atrioventricular valves would prolapse, allowing blood to flow backward into the atria

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of the pericardium?

Accepted Answer

To provide a frictionless environment for the heart to beat

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of the pulmonary semilunar valve?

Accepted Answer

It prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle after it enters the pulmonary artery

Question 19

Which of the following is a consequence of chronic hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Damage to arterial walls and increased risk of heart attack

The Cardiovascular System: Structure, Function, and Physiology

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