Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of mitochondria in human cells?

Accepted Answer

They provide the majority of ATP through oxidative catabolism.

Question 2

A patient with a genetic defect in the protein components of cilia is most likely to experience which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Progressive respiratory infections due to mucus buildup in the lungs.

Question 3

Which organelle is responsible for the breakdown of fatty acids and detoxification of harmful substances, such as alcohol, in the liver?

Accepted Answer

Peroxisome

Question 4

During protein synthesis, which of the following best describes the role of ribosomes bound to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

Accepted Answer

They synthesize proteins destined for export, insertion into membranes, or delivery to lysosomes.

Question 5

A mutation causes the chloride channel protein to misfold in the RER, leading to its destruction even though it could function if inserted into the membrane. Which disease is most likely associated with this scenario?

Accepted Answer

Cystic fibrosis

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why lysosomal storage diseases often result in organ damage and neural dysfunction?

Accepted Answer

Deficiency of acid hydrolases causes accumulation of undigested macromolecules in cells.

Question 7

Which cytoskeletal filament is primarily responsible for maintaining cell shape, bearing tension, and enabling cell movement when combined with myosin?

Accepted Answer

Microfilaments (actin filaments)

Question 8

A scientist observes a cell with an extensive network of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). Which function is this cell most likely specialized for?

Accepted Answer

Detoxification and lipid synthesis

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the process by which the Golgi apparatus modifies and sorts proteins and lipids received from the endoplasmic reticulum?

Accepted Answer

Proteins and lipids are further modified, sorted, and packaged into vesicles for secretion, membrane insertion, or delivery to lysosomes.

Question 10

Which of the following accurately describes the structure and function of the nuclear envelope?

Accepted Answer

It is a double phospholipid bilayer with nuclear pores that allow selective exchange between nucleoplasm and cytoplasm.

Question 11

A cell is observed to have a large number of microvilli on its surface. Which of the following best explains the functional advantage of this adaptation?

Accepted Answer

Microvilli increase the surface area for absorption.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of the centrosome and centrioles during cell division?

Accepted Answer

They organize microtubules to form the mitotic spindle.

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in the endomembrane system for a protein destined for secretion?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis in the RER → packaging into vesicles → modification in the Golgi → secretion via exocytosis

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why mitochondria are considered semi-autonomous organelles?

Accepted Answer

They contain their own DNA, enzymes, and ribosomes, allowing them to replicate and produce some proteins independently.

Question 15

A cell is unable to transport vesicles efficiently along its cytoskeleton. Which cytoskeletal component is most likely defective?

Accepted Answer

Microtubules

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the structure of chromatin in a non-dividing cell?

Accepted Answer

Chromatin is a loose arrangement of DNA and associated proteins, organized into nucleosomes.

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of the nucleolus?

Accepted Answer

It synthesizes ribosomal RNA and assembles ribosomes.

Question 18

A patient is diagnosed with Tay-Sachs disease. Which of the following best explains the underlying cellular defect?

Accepted Answer

Deficiency of a lysosomal enzyme leading to accumulation of glycolipids in neurons.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the difference between cilia and flagella in human cells?

Accepted Answer

Cilia are numerous and move substances past the cell, while flagella are solitary and propel the entire cell.

Question 20

A cell is observed to have a deficiency in the synthesis of certain phospholipids critical for the plasma membranes of nervous system cells. Which organelle is most likely malfunctioning?

Accepted Answer

Peroxisome

The Cell: Cytoplasmic Organelles, Cytoskeleton, and Nucleus 3.4-3.6

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