Question 1

Which of the following organelles is NOT enclosed by a phospholipid bilayer membrane?

Accepted Answer

Ribosome

Question 2

A cell with a high metabolic rate is likely to have an increased number of which organelle?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria

Question 3

Which organelle is primarily responsible for the breakdown of fatty acids and the detoxification of alcohol in liver cells?

Accepted Answer

Peroxisome

Question 4

What is the main function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

Accepted Answer

Protein folding and export

Question 5

A patient with Cystic Fibrosis has a mutation that causes a slightly misfolded chloride channel protein. Why does this lead to disease?

Accepted Answer

The RER destroys the misfolded protein before it can reach the plasma membrane

Question 6

Which organelle contains acid hydrolases and is responsible for autophagy and immune defense?

Accepted Answer

Lysosome

Question 7

A child is diagnosed with Tay-Sachs disease. Which cellular process is most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Degradation of glycolipids in lysosomes

Question 8

Which cytoskeletal filament is most associated with muscle contraction and cell movement?

Accepted Answer

Actin filaments (microfilaments)

Question 9

Microvilli are supported by which type of cytoskeletal filament, and what is their primary function?

Accepted Answer

Actin filaments; increase surface area for absorption

Question 10

Which structure is responsible for organizing microtubules during cell division?

Accepted Answer

Centrosome

Question 11

A genetic defect in the proteins of cilia and flagella can lead to Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia. Which symptom is most likely in affected males?

Accepted Answer

Infertility due to immotile sperm

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of the nuclear envelope?

Accepted Answer

It encloses the nucleus with a double phospholipid bilayer and contains nuclear pores for transport

Question 13

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

Accepted Answer

S phase

Question 14

Which enzyme catalyzes the unwinding of DNA during replication?

Accepted Answer

Helicase

Question 15

What is the correct sequence of events in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Transcription → Translation → Posttranslational modification

Question 16

If a DNA triplet is TAG, what is the corresponding mRNA codon and tRNA anticodon?

Accepted Answer

mRNA: AUC, tRNA: UAG

Question 17

Which of the following is a stop codon in mRNA translation?

Accepted Answer

UAG

Question 18

A patient ingests the 'Death Cap' mushroom containing alpha-amanitin. What is the primary cellular effect?

Accepted Answer

Inhibition of RNA polymerase and mRNA synthesis

Question 19

Which checkpoint in the cell cycle is most critical for monitoring DNA damage before replication?

Accepted Answer

G1 checkpoint

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why spindle poisons are effective in cancer treatment?

Accepted Answer

They inhibit microtubule assembly/disassembly, preventing cell division

The Cell: Structure and Function in Human Anatomy & Physiology

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