Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main difference between the endocrine and nervous systems in terms of signal transmission?

Accepted Answer

The endocrine system releases chemical messengers into the blood for slow, indirect, and prolonged effects.

Question 2

Amino acid-based hormones differ from steroid hormones in which of the following ways?

Accepted Answer

Amino acid-based hormones are water soluble and act via surface receptors using second messenger systems.

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of a tropic hormone released by the anterior pituitary?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 4

A patient presents with symptoms of dehydration, low blood pressure, and low sodium levels. Which adrenal cortex disorder is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Addison's disease

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why steroid hormones can pass through the plasma membrane of their target cells?

Accepted Answer

They are lipid soluble and can diffuse through the lipid bilayer.

Question 6

A person with an insulin deficit is likely to experience which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Hyperglycemia and presence of ketones in urine

Question 7

Which hormone is produced by the parafollicular (C) cells of the thyroid gland, and what is its primary physiological role?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin; lowers blood calcium levels

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for most amino acid-based hormones (excluding thyroid hormone)?

Accepted Answer

They use a second messenger system after binding to cell surface receptors.

Question 9

A patient has a tumor that causes excessive secretion of ACTH. Which of the following is a likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Increased cortisol production and symptoms of Cushing syndrome

Question 10

Which of the following equations best represents the negative feedback regulation of thyroid hormone (TH) secretion?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{TRH} \xrightarrow{+} \mathrm{TSH} \xrightarrow{+} \mathrm{TH} \xrightarrow{-} \mathrm{TRH} \, \& \, \mathrm{TSH}$$

Question 11

Which hormone is secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets, and what is its primary effect?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon; raises blood glucose

Question 12

A patient with a pituitary tumor is experiencing excessive growth during childhood. Which hormone is most likely overproduced, and what is the resulting condition?

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone; gigantism

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in calcium homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

PTH increases blood calcium by stimulating bone resorption, increasing intestinal absorption, and reducing renal excretion.

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct sequence of hormonal control from the hypothalamus to the thyroid gland?

Accepted Answer

TRH $$\rightarrow$$ TSH $$\rightarrow$$ thyroid hormone

Question 15

A patient with hyperthyroidism is likely to exhibit which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Weight loss, heat intolerance, and tachycardia

Question 16

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the development of secondary male sex characteristics during puberty?

Accepted Answer

Testosterone

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why the effects of the endocrine system are generally longer-lasting than those of the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Hormones circulate in the blood and can affect target cells for minutes to hours.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in females?

Accepted Answer

Stimulates growth of ovarian follicles and estrogen production

Question 19

A patient is diagnosed with diabetes mellitus due to an autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells. Which type of diabetes is this, and what is the primary hormone affected?

Accepted Answer

Type 1 diabetes; insulin

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct example of paracrine signaling?

Accepted Answer

A cell releasing a hormone that acts on neighboring cells in the same tissue

The Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Hormonal Regulation

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