$$\mathrm{ATP} \xrightarrow{\text{adenylate cyclase}} \mathrm{cAMP} + \mathrm{PP_i}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the endocrine system?

Accepted Answer

It influences metabolic activities of cells through hormones.

Question 2

Which organ is both an endocrine and exocrine gland, producing hormones and non-hormonal products?

Accepted Answer

Pancreas

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT considered a hormone but is a hormone-like chemical?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 4

Amino acid-based hormones typically exert their effects on target cells by:

Accepted Answer

Binding to plasma membrane receptors and using second messengers

Question 5

Which of the following is a steroid hormone?

Accepted Answer

Testosterone

Question 6

What is the role of cAMP in the second messenger mechanism of hormone action?

Accepted Answer

It activates protein kinases to produce cellular effects.

Question 7

Which of the following is a direct effect of hormone action on target cells?

Accepted Answer

Altering plasma membrane permeability

Question 8

Steroid hormones exert their effects by:

Accepted Answer

Forming a hormone-receptor complex that binds to DNA and initiates transcription

Question 9

Which of the following best explains target cell specificity for hormones?

Accepted Answer

Target cells have specific receptors for particular hormones.

Question 10

If a target cell is exposed to high levels of a hormone for a prolonged period, what is the likely cellular response?

Accepted Answer

Down-regulation: the cell loses receptors for the hormone.

Question 11

Which of the following equations correctly represents the conversion of ATP to cAMP by adenylate cyclase?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{ATP} \xrightarrow{	ext{adenylate cyclase}} \mathrm{cAMP} + \mathrm{PP_i}$$

Question 12

Which hormone is released in response to declining blood calcium levels, and what is its effect?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); increases blood calcium by stimulating bone resorption

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of hormonal stimulus for hormone release?

Accepted Answer

The hypothalamic hormone TRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to release TSH.

Question 14

Which mechanism allows the nervous system to override normal endocrine controls during stress?

Accepted Answer

Activation of the hypothalamus and sympathetic nervous system to increase glucose supply

Question 15

Which hormone is produced by somatotropic cells of the anterior pituitary and primarily targets bone and skeletal muscle?

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone (GH)

Question 16

Which hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids?

Accepted Answer

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 17

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating milk production in females?

Accepted Answer

Prolactin (PRL)

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the action of oxytocin?

Accepted Answer

Stimulates smooth muscle contraction in the uterus and breasts

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct example of permissiveness in hormonal interaction?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid hormone is required for reproductive hormones to exert their full effects.

The Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Hormone Action

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