Question 1

Which of the following best describes the process of neutralization by antibodies?

Accepted Answer

Antibodies block specific sites on viruses or bacterial exotoxins, preventing their toxic effects.

Question 2

A patient receives an organ transplant from a genetically unrelated individual of the same species. Which term best describes this type of graft?

Accepted Answer

Allograft

Question 3

Which class of MHC proteins is found on all body cells except red blood cells and displays antigens synthesized from within the cell?

Accepted Answer

Class I MHC

Question 4

During activation of T cells, what must occur for a T cell to become fully activated?

Accepted Answer

The T cell must recognize both the MHC protein and the antigen it displays, and bind co-stimulatory signals.

Question 5

Which of the following is a function unique to cytotoxic T cells?

Accepted Answer

Directly attacking and killing infected or cancerous cells using perforins and granzymes

Question 6

A patient with AIDS is most likely to have a deficiency in which type of immune cell?

Accepted Answer

Helper T cells

Question 7

Which antibody class is most abundant in plasma and is responsible for secondary immune responses?

Accepted Answer

IgG

Question 8

A patient develops an autoimmune disease after a viral infection. Which mechanism best explains this phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

Failure of self-tolerance due to foreign antigens resembling self-antigens

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the role of regulatory T cells?

Accepted Answer

Suppressing the activity of B cells and other T cells

Question 10

A patient with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is likely to have which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Deficit of B and T cells

Question 11

Which of the following equations best represents the clonal expansion of T cells after activation, assuming each activated T cell divides $$n$$ times?

Accepted Answer

Total T cells = $$2^n$$

Question 12

Which scenario best illustrates the process of agglutination?

Accepted Answer

Antibodies cross-link antigens on the surface of bacteria, causing them to clump together.

Question 13

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the activation of CD8 cells?

Accepted Answer

CD8 cells are activated by antigen fragments presented on class I MHC proteins.

Question 14

A patient is experiencing tissue damage due to an immune response against pollen, which is otherwise harmless. This is best described as:

Accepted Answer

Hypersensitivity

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the function of cytokines in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

Cytokines are chemical signals that amplify the immune response.

Question 16

Which antibody class is primarily involved in allergic (immediate hypersensitivity) responses?

Accepted Answer

IgE

Question 17

A patient is given immunosuppressive drugs after an organ transplant. What is the most likely consequence of this therapy?

Accepted Answer

Increased risk of infection due to weakened immune system

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why red blood cells do not display MHC proteins?

Accepted Answer

Red blood cells lack a nucleus and do not synthesize proteins.

Question 19

Which of the following is a plausible outcome if helper T cells are destroyed in the body?

Accepted Answer

B cells will be unable to produce antibodies effectively.

Question 20

A patient with an autoimmune disorder is treated by blocking co-stimulatory factors. What is the intended effect of this therapy?

Accepted Answer

Suppress activation of self-reactive lymphocytes

The Immune System: Innate and Adaptive Body Defenses – Study Notes

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