Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between innate (nonspecific) immunity and adaptive (specific) immunity?

Accepted Answer

Innate immunity is present at birth and responds the same way to all invaders, while adaptive immunity develops after exposure and targets specific threats.

Question 2

A patient receives a vaccine containing inactivated viral particles. Which type of immunity is being induced?

Accepted Answer

Artificially induced active immunity

Question 3

Which physical barrier is most responsible for preventing hazardous materials or insects from contacting the skin?

Accepted Answer

Hair

Question 4

Which process allows phagocytes to leave capillaries and enter tissues at sites of infection?

Accepted Answer

Emigration

Question 5

Natural killer (NK) cells destroy abnormal cells by releasing perforins. What is the primary effect of perforins on the target cell?

Accepted Answer

Perforins create pores in the cell membrane, causing cell lysis.

Question 6

Which type of interferon is secreted by fibroblasts and is most associated with slowing inflammation in damaged areas?

Accepted Answer

Interferon beta ($$\beta)$$

Question 7

A patient with a bacterial infection shows increased inflammation and enhanced phagocytosis. Which complement pathway is most likely activated by mannose-binding lectin (MBL)?

Accepted Answer

Lectin pathway

Question 8

Which of the following is a cardinal sign of inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Local redness

Question 9

During an immune response, which process describes the attachment of a phagocyte to its target via plasma membrane receptors?

Accepted Answer

Adhesion

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why fever can be beneficial during infection?

Accepted Answer

Fever increases metabolic rate, which accelerates tissue defenses and repair processes.

Question 11

Which property of adaptive immunity allows the immune system to ignore 'self' cells but target abnormal or foreign 'nonself' cells?

Accepted Answer

Tolerance

Question 12

A newborn receives antibodies from its mother through breast milk. What type of immunity is this?

Accepted Answer

Naturally acquired passive immunity

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a component of innate (nonspecific) immunity?

Accepted Answer

Antibodies produced by plasma cells

Question 14

Which complement pathway is most rapidly activated when antibodies are bound to a pathogen?

Accepted Answer

Classical pathway

Question 15

Which of the following best describes opsonization?

Accepted Answer

The process by which complement proteins make target cells easier to engulf by phagocytes.

Question 16

A cancer cell avoids destruction by NK cells by not displaying tumor-specific antigens. This phenomenon is known as:

Accepted Answer

Immunological escape

Question 17

Which of the following equations best represents the relationship between body temperature and fever in the context of immune response?

Accepted Answer

$$T_{fever} \u003e 37.2^\circ C$$

Question 18

Which cell type is most abundant and acts as the first line of cellular defense against bacterial invasion?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophils

Question 19

Which of the following is a direct effect of complement activation on a target cell?

Accepted Answer

Formation of pores in the cell membrane leading to cell lysis

Question 20

Which property of adaptive immunity is responsible for a faster and stronger response upon second exposure to the same antigen?

Accepted Answer

Memory

The Immune System: Innate and Adaptive Immunity

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