Q: Which of the following equations best represents the calculation of the percentage of body surface area burned using the Rule of Nines for an adult?

$$Total\ Burned\ Area\ (\%) = 9\% \times (Head + Each\ Arm) + 18\% \times (Each\ Leg + Anterior\ Trunk + Posterior\ Trunk) + 1\% \times (Perineum)$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main function of melanocytes in the epidermis?

Accepted Answer

They produce melanin to protect keratinocyte DNA from UV damage.

Question 2

A patient presents with a large, irregularly pigmented mole that has changed in size and color over the past month. According to the ABCD rule for skin cancer detection, which criteria are most concerning in this case?

Accepted Answer

Asymmetry, border irregularity, color variation, and diameter greater than 6 mm

Question 3

Which layer of the epidermis is responsible for the continuous regeneration of skin cells, and what is the typical time it takes for a cell to migrate from this layer to the surface?

Accepted Answer

Stratum basale; 25-45 days

Question 4

A burn patient has blisters and damage to both the epidermis and upper dermis. According to burn classification, what type of burn does this patient have?

Accepted Answer

Second-degree burn

Question 5

Which of the following is a function of the papillary layer of the dermis?

Accepted Answer

Contains capillary loops and tactile (Meissner's) corpuscles for touch sensation

Question 6

A person with a genetic mutation that prevents the production of tyrosinase would most likely exhibit which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Lack of melanin production, resulting in very light skin and hair

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why the stratum corneum is an effective barrier against water loss?

Accepted Answer

It is composed of flat, dead, keratinized cells surrounded by glycolipids.

Question 8

A patient with a liver disorder develops yellowing of the skin. What is the medical term for this condition, and which pigment is responsible?

Accepted Answer

Jaundice; bilirubin

Question 9

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the function of dendritic (Langerhans) cells in the skin?

Accepted Answer

A person’s immune system is activated after a pathogen enters through a cut.

Question 10

A patient is exposed to a chemical that is lipid-soluble and develops systemic toxicity. Which property of the skin allowed this chemical to enter the bloodstream?

Accepted Answer

The permeability of the stratum corneum to lipid-soluble substances

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the difference between thick and thin skin?

Accepted Answer

Thick skin contains all five epidermal layers, including the stratum lucidum, and is found on the palms, fingertips, and soles.

Question 12

A patient with a third-degree burn on the face and hands is at high risk for which of the following complications?

Accepted Answer

Loss of sensation due to nerve ending destruction

Question 13

Which of the following equations best represents the calculation of the percentage of body surface area burned using the Rule of Nines for an adult?

Accepted Answer

$$Total\ Burned\ Area\ (\%) = 9\% 	imes (Head + Each\ Arm) + 18\% 	imes (Each\ Leg + Anterior\ Trunk + Posterior\ Trunk) + 1\% 	imes (Perineum)$$

Question 14

Which of the following is a metabolic function of the skin?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of vitamin D for calcium absorption

Question 15

A patient presents with pale, fine body hair that is replaced by coarse, long hair in the axillary and pubic regions at puberty. What are the terms for these two types of hair?

Accepted Answer

Vellus hair and terminal hair

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why elderly individuals are more prone to skin infections and cancer?

Accepted Answer

Decreased numbers of melanocytes and dendritic cells

Question 17

A patient with a fungal infection of the nail presents with thickened, yellow nails. Which of the following terms best describes this condition?

Accepted Answer

Onychomycosis

Question 18

Which of the following glands is responsible for producing an oily secretion that softens hair and skin and has bactericidal properties?

Accepted Answer

Sebaceous gland

Question 19

A patient taking antibiotics develops a skin rash after sun exposure. This is most likely due to which of the following phenomena?

Accepted Answer

Photosensitivity caused by increased reaction to UV radiation

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the process by which sweat cools the body during exercise?

Accepted Answer

Sweat evaporates from the skin surface, absorbing heat and lowering body temperature.

The Integumentary System: Structure and Function

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