Question 1

Which layer of the skin is primarily responsible for providing a durable but flexible surface that resists mechanical trauma, and what is the main cell type found in this layer?

Accepted Answer

Epidermis; keratinocytes

Question 2

A patient presents with a superficial burn that is painful and red but does not blister. Which type of burn does this describe, and which layer of skin is affected?

Accepted Answer

First-degree burn; epidermis only

Question 3

Which structure anchors the epidermis to the dermis and can be disrupted by repetitive trauma, resulting in a blister?

Accepted Answer

Special collagen fibers at the dermis-epidermis junction

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why topical medications that are hydrophobic can be absorbed through the skin, while polar compounds cannot?

Accepted Answer

The epidermis is coated with a lipid-based substance that repels water and salts

Question 5

A patient with albinism is at increased risk for DNA damage in keratinocytes. What is the underlying cause of this increased risk?

Accepted Answer

Failure of melanocytes to manufacture tyrosinase, resulting in lack of melanin

Question 6

Which of the following is a function of the skin’s acid mantle?

Accepted Answer

Deters growth of many pathogens by maintaining a slightly acidic pH

Question 7

During thermoregulation, which physiological response occurs when body temperature rises above the normal range?

Accepted Answer

Dilation of blood vessels and increased sweating

Question 8

Which layer of the epidermis is only found in thick skin and consists of a narrow, clear layer of dead keratinocytes?

Accepted Answer

Stratum lucidum

Question 9

A patient has a mole (nevus) on their skin. What is the cellular basis for this pigmentation?

Accepted Answer

Local proliferation of melanocytes

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the process by which keratinocytes move from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum?

Accepted Answer

Mitotically active stem cells in the stratum basale push daughter cells upward through the epidermal strata

Question 11

Which type of sweat gland is most prevalent in the skin and primarily functions in thermoregulation?

Accepted Answer

Eccrine sweat gland

Question 12

A patient presents with bluish discoloration of the lips and nail beds. Which condition is most likely responsible for this finding?

Accepted Answer

Cyanosis due to low oxygen levels in the blood

Question 13

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the Rule of Nines used in burn assessment?

Accepted Answer

It divides the body into 11 areas, each representing 9% of the total body surface area, with the genital area representing 1%

Question 14

Which cell type in the epidermis acts as a phagocyte and is part of the immune system?

Accepted Answer

Dendritic (Langerhans) cell

Question 15

Which pigment is responsible for the yellow-orange coloration of the skin, especially visible in thick skin?

Accepted Answer

Carotene

Question 16

Which of the following is a complication associated with third-degree burns?

Accepted Answer

Dehydration due to massive fluid loss and increased risk of infection

Question 17

Which type of skin cancer arises from melanocytes and is distinguished by the ABCDE rule?

Accepted Answer

Malignant melanoma

Question 18

Which structure in the dermis is responsible for responding to deep pressure and vibration?

Accepted Answer

Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle

Question 19

Which of the following best explains the role of melanin in regulating vitamin D synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Melanin decreases the synthesis of vitamin D to prevent excess production

Question 20

Which type of gland releases its product by holocrine secretion, where the cell ruptures and adds fragments to the secretion?

Accepted Answer

Sebaceous gland

The Integumentary System: Structure and Function

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