Question 1

Which enzyme is responsible for catalyzing the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template during transcription?

Accepted Answer

RNA polymerase

Question 2

Which of the following statements correctly compares RNA polymerase and DNA polymerase?

Accepted Answer

RNA polymerase does not require a primer, while DNA polymerase does.

Question 3

During transcription initiation in eukaryotes, what is the role of the TATA box?

Accepted Answer

It serves as a binding site for transcription factors to help position RNA polymerase.

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the difference between a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) and a mature mRNA in eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Pre-mRNA contains both exons and introns, while mature mRNA has had introns removed and includes a 5’ cap and polyA tail.

Question 5

A researcher discovers a segment of RNA that forms a hairpin structure. What is the most likely explanation for this structure?

Accepted Answer

The RNA contains complementary sequences that base pair with each other, forming a stem-loop.

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the function of the 5’ cap added to eukaryotic mRNA?

Accepted Answer

It protects the mRNA from degradation and assists in ribosome binding during translation.

Question 7

Alternative splicing allows for which of the following outcomes?

Accepted Answer

The production of multiple proteins from a single gene.

Question 8

Which enzyme is responsible for attaching an amino acid to its corresponding tRNA, a process known as 'charging'?

Accepted Answer

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

Question 9

During translation, what is the primary function of the anticodon region of a tRNA molecule?

Accepted Answer

It base pairs with the complementary codon on the mRNA.

Question 10

Why are there fewer than 61 different tRNAs, even though there are 61 codons that code for amino acids?

Accepted Answer

Some tRNAs can recognize more than one codon due to wobble base pairing.

Question 11

A mutation prevents the addition of a polyA tail to an mRNA molecule. What is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

The mRNA will be rapidly degraded in the cytoplasm.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the sequence of events at the ribosomal sites during elongation in translation?

Accepted Answer

Aminoacyl-tRNA enters the A site, peptide bond forms at the P site, and the empty tRNA exits at the E site.

Question 13

Which of the following molecules is NOT part of the translation initiation complex in eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

DNA polymerase

Question 14

What is the main function of rRNA within the ribosome?

Accepted Answer

It catalyzes peptide bond formation between amino acids.

Question 15

A protein destined for secretion contains a signal sequence. What is the fate of this protein during translation?

Accepted Answer

It is directed to the endoplasmic reticulum, where translation continues and the protein enters the ER lumen.

Question 16

Which of the following is a possible outcome of phosphorylation as a post-translational modification?

Accepted Answer

It can alter the activity, localization, or stability of a protein.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes a polyribosome (polysome)?

Accepted Answer

Multiple ribosomes simultaneously translating the same mRNA molecule.

Question 18

Which of the following steps is NOT part of the three main steps of transcription?

Accepted Answer

Replication

Question 19

How did researchers first identify the presence of introns in eukaryotic genes?

Accepted Answer

By comparing the sequences of mature mRNA and genomic DNA, finding that mature mRNA was shorter due to missing segments.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the 5’ and 3’ untranslated regions (UTRs) and the coding sequence of an mRNA?

Accepted Answer

The 5’ UTR is located upstream of the start codon, and the 3’ UTR is located downstream of the stop codon.

Transcription and Translation Study Guide – Step-by-Step Guidance

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