Question 1

Which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing blood glucose levels during stress, and which gland secretes it?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol from the adrenal cortex

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the anatomical connection between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland?

Accepted Answer

Vascular connection through the hypophyseal portal system

Question 3

Which hormone is released in response to low blood calcium levels, and what is its primary effect?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone; increases osteoclast activity to release calcium from bone

Question 4

A patient with a defective interventricular septum is likely to experience which of the following changes in stroke volume (SV) and EKG findings?

Accepted Answer

Decreased SV and abnormal QRS complex

Question 5

During which phase of the cardiac cycle do the semilunar valves open, and what is the corresponding EKG event?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular systole (second phase); QRS complex

Question 6

Which of the following equations correctly represents cardiac output (CO)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 7

Which of the following is a correct statement about the role of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) in blood pressure regulation?

Accepted Answer

SNS increases heart rate and constricts blood vessels

Question 8

Which type of capillary is most permeable and found in the liver and bone marrow?

Accepted Answer

Sinusoidal capillaries

Question 9

A patient presents with high TSH and low T3/T4 levels. Which of the following best explains the feedback mechanism involved?

Accepted Answer

Negative feedback is failing, leading to increased TSH due to low thyroid hormone

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the flow of blood through the heart and lungs in the pulmonary circuit?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary vein → left atrium

Question 11

Which of the following factors would most likely increase mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

Accepted Answer

Increased total peripheral resistance

Question 12

Which phase of the cardiac cycle is associated with the first heart sound (S1), and what causes this sound?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular systole; closing of AV valves

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the function of the thymus gland?

Accepted Answer

Matures T-lymphocytes for immune response

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct formula for calculating net filtration pressure (NFP) in capillaries?

Accepted Answer

$$NFP = (HP_c - HP_i) - (OP_c - OP_i)$$

Question 15

Which of the following arteries is NOT a major artery of the upper limb?

Accepted Answer

Femoral artery

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the effect of increased end-diastolic volume (EDV) in an athlete's heart?

Accepted Answer

Increased stroke volume due to stronger contraction (Frank-Starling law)

Question 17

Which of the following veins is a major vein returning blood from the upper body to the heart?

Accepted Answer

Superior vena cava

Question 18

Which segment of the ECG corresponds to the time when the ventricles are completely depolarized and no electrical activity is occurring?

Accepted Answer

S-T segment

Question 19

Which of the following mechanisms is NOT involved in the short-term regulation of blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the difference in blood pressure between the arteries and veins?

Accepted Answer

Arteries have higher pressure than veins

Unit 1 Study Guide: Endocrine System, Heart, and Blood Vessels

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