Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of erythrocytes in the blood?

Accepted Answer

To transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues via hemoglobin

Question 2

A patient presents with fatigue and pallor. Laboratory results show a low hematocrit and decreased hemoglobin concentration. Which condition is most likely present?

Accepted Answer

Anemia

Question 3

During erythropoiesis, which hormone stimulates the production of red blood cells, and where is it primarily produced?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin; produced in the kidneys

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why a person with type AB blood is considered a universal recipient?

Accepted Answer

They have both A and B antigens and lack anti-A and anti-B antibodies

Question 5

Which phase of hemostasis involves the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, and what enzyme catalyzes this reaction?

Accepted Answer

Coagulation; catalyzed by thrombin

Question 6

A patient with Rh-negative blood receives Rh-positive blood for the first time. What is the most likely immediate outcome?

Accepted Answer

No immediate reaction, but anti-Rh antibodies will be produced

Question 7

Which of the following correctly matches the heart valve with its function?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary valve: prevents backflow from pulmonary artery to right ventricle

Question 8

Which sequence correctly traces the path of an electrical impulse through the heart's conduction system?

Accepted Answer

SA node → AV node → Bundle of His → Purkinje fibers

Question 9

During the cardiac cycle, which event occurs during ventricular systole?

Accepted Answer

Semilunar valves are open and blood is ejected from the ventricles

Question 10

Cardiac output ($$CO) is $$calculated using which formula?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the difference between elastic and muscular arteries?

Accepted Answer

Muscular arteries have more smooth muscle and distribute blood to specific organs

Question 12

Which of the following factors would most likely increase peripheral resistance and thus increase blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Vasoconstriction of arterioles

Question 13

A patient is given a drug that blocks aldosterone receptors. What is the most likely effect on blood volume and blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Decreased sodium reabsorption, decreased blood volume

Question 14

Which equation describes net filtration pressure ($$NFP) at $$the capillary bed, and what does a positive value indicate?

Accepted Answer

$$NFP = CHP - BCOP$$; positive value means fluid leaves the capillary

Question 15

Which of the following best explains the role of plasma proteins in capillary exchange?

Accepted Answer

They maintain blood colloid osmotic pressure, drawing fluid into capillaries

Question 16

Which vessel type is primarily responsible for regulating blood flow into capillary beds and is often referred to as the 'resistance vessel'?

Accepted Answer

Arteriole

Question 17

Which neurotransmitter is released by the sympathetic nervous system to increase heart rate, and through which receptor does it act?

Accepted Answer

Norepinephrine; beta-1 adrenergic receptor

Question 18

A patient with a myocardial infarction is most likely to experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Permanent damage to cardiac muscle due to prolonged ischemia

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the functional syncytium of cardiac muscle?

Accepted Answer

It results from gap junctions allowing ions to pass between cells

Question 20

Which of the following would most likely cause a heart murmur?

Accepted Answer

Turbulent blood flow due to a faulty valve

Unit 5 Study Guide: Blood, Heart, and Blood Vessels (Chapters 16-18)

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