Question 1

Which component of blood is primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure and transporting hormones, nutrients, and waste products?

Accepted Answer

Plasma

Question 2

A patient presents with hypoxia. Which of the following best describes the body's response to this condition?

Accepted Answer

Increased erythropoiesis stimulated by erythropoietin released from the kidneys

Question 3

Which of the following correctly matches the ABO blood type with its antigens and antibodies?

Accepted Answer

Type O: No antigens, anti-A and anti-B antibodies

Question 4

During the coagulation cascade, which pathway is initiated by tissue damage outside the blood vessel?

Accepted Answer

Extrinsic pathway

Question 5

Which enzyme is primarily responsible for breaking down fibrin and resolving a blood clot?

Accepted Answer

Plasmin

Question 6

A patient with polycythemia would most likely exhibit which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

High hematocrit and increased blood viscosity

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the path of blood flow through the heart and circulatory system?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta

Question 8

Which heart valve prevents backflow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole?

Accepted Answer

Mitral (bicuspid) valve

Question 9

The 'lub-dup' sounds heard during auscultation of the heart are caused by:

Accepted Answer

Closing of the AV valves ('lub') and closing of the semilunar valves ('dup')

Question 10

Which of the following equations correctly calculates cardiac output ($$CO$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 11

During the cardiac cycle, what is the state of the AV valves and semilunar valves during ventricular systole?

Accepted Answer

AV valves closed, semilunar valves open

Question 12

Which ion is primarily responsible for the plateau phase in the action potential of cardiac contractile cells?

Accepted Answer

Calcium ($$Ca^{2+})$$

Question 13

Which layer of a blood vessel is composed mainly of smooth muscle and is responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodilation?

Accepted Answer

Tunica media

Question 14

Which of the following hormones increases blood volume by promoting sodium and water retention in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 15

Which type of capillary is most commonly found in the blood-brain barrier and is characterized by tight junctions?

Accepted Answer

Continuous capillaries

Question 16

If the net filtration pressure ($$NFP) in a $$capillary is calculated as $$NFP = CHP - BCOP$$, what does a positive $$NFP$$ indicate?

Accepted Answer

Fluid is filtered out of the capillary into the interstitial space

Question 17

Which of the following factors would NOT increase resistance to blood flow?

Accepted Answer

Decreased blood vessel length

Question 18

Which neurotransmitter released by the sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate and contractility?

Accepted Answer

Norepinephrine

Question 19

A patient with a heart murmur is most likely experiencing:

Accepted Answer

Abnormal or turbulent blood flow due to valve malfunction

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the effect of plasma proteins on capillary exchange?

Accepted Answer

They increase blood colloid osmotic pressure, promoting reabsorption of fluid into capillaries

Unit 5 Study Guide: Blood, Heart, and Blood Vessels (Chapters 16–18)

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