Q: If the glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure (GHP) is 55 mmHg, the capsular hydrostatic pressure (CsHP) is 15 mmHg, and the blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) is 30 mmHg, what is the net filtration pressure (NFP)? $$\text{NFP} = \text{GHP} - (\text{CsHP} + \text{BCOP})$$

$$\text{NFP} = 10\ \text{mmHg}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the nephron in the kidney?

Accepted Answer

To filter blood, reabsorb useful substances, and secrete wastes to form urine

Question 2

Which structure in the nephron is primarily responsible for filtration of blood?

Accepted Answer

Glomerulus

Question 3

A patient presents with a blood pH of 7.25 and elevated CO$$_2$$ levels. Which acid-base disorder is most likely present?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory acidosis

Question 4

Which hormone increases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts by stimulating the insertion of aquaporin-2 channels?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 5

If the glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure (GHP) is 55 mmHg, the capsular hydrostatic pressure (CsHP) is 15 mmHg, and the blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) is 30 mmHg, what is the net filtration pressure (NFP)?

$$	ext{NFP} = 	ext{GHP} - (	ext{CsHP} + 	ext{BCOP})$$

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{NFP} = 10\ 	ext{mmHg}$$

Question 6

Which of the following is a consequence of hypernatremia?

Accepted Answer

Cells shrink due to water moving out of the cells

Question 7

Which process in the nephron is responsible for the movement of substances from the blood into the tubular fluid, beyond what is filtered at the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

Secretion

Question 8

A patient with uncontrolled diabetes develops ketoacidosis. Which buffer system is most important in initially resisting changes in blood pH?

Accepted Answer

Bicarbonate buffer system

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why the kidneys cannot directly move water by active transport?

Accepted Answer

Water moves only by osmosis, not by active transport

Question 10

Which of the following would most likely occur if the afferent arteriole in the nephron constricts?

Accepted Answer

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decreases

Question 11

A patient is found to have a blood pH of 7.55. Which of the following terms best describes this condition?

Accepted Answer

Alkalemia

Question 12

Which of the following is a function of the juxtaglomerular complex?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of blood pressure via renin secretion

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the effect of aldosterone on the distal convoluted tubule (DCT)?

Accepted Answer

Increases Na$$^+$$ reabsorption and K$$^+$$ secretion

Question 14

Which of the following is a likely result of a loss of bicarbonate ions from the body?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic acidosis

Question 15

Which of the following best explains the role of the countercurrent multiplier in the nephron loop?

Accepted Answer

It creates an osmotic gradient that allows for concentration of urine

Question 16

A patient with chronic lung disease has a pH of 7.32 and elevated bicarbonate levels. Which of the following best describes the compensation occurring?

Accepted Answer

Renal compensation for respiratory acidosis

Question 17

Which of the following is the main driving force for glomerular filtration?

Accepted Answer

Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure (GHP)

Question 18

Which of the following would most likely result from excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

Accepted Answer

Decreased urine output and increased urine concentration

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the effect of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Increases excretion of sodium and water

Question 20

Which of the following is a likely consequence of severe dehydration on the body’s fluid compartments?

Accepted Answer

Water shifts from intracellular fluid (ICF) to extracellular fluid (ECF)

Urinary System and Fluid & Acid-Base Balance: Structured Study Notes

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