Question 1

Which of the following is the primary function of the kidneys in the urinary system?

Accepted Answer

Regulate plasma concentrations of ions and blood pH

Question 2

Which structure in the nephron is responsible for the initial filtration of blood?

Accepted Answer

Glomerulus

Question 3

What is the correct formula for calculating net filtration pressure (NFP) in the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

NFP = GHP - (CsHP + BCOP)

Question 4

Which hormone increases water reabsorption in the collecting duct by stimulating the insertion of aquaporin-2 channels?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 5

A patient with hyponatremia is likely to experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Low sodium concentration in the extracellular fluid

Question 6

Which mechanism is primarily responsible for the movement of water across nephron membranes?

Accepted Answer

Osmosis

Question 7

What is the main role of the sodium-potassium pump in principal cells of the collecting duct, as shown in the diagram?

Accepted Answer

Maintains sodium and potassium gradients by pumping Na+ out and K+ in using ATP

Question 8

Which of the following equations represents the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{CO_2$ + H_2O \leftrightarrow H_2CO_3 \leftrightarrow H^+ + $$HCO_3$$^-}$$

Question 9

A patient with chronic respiratory acidosis is most likely to have which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Elevated blood $$\mathrm{CO_2$}$$ and decreased blood pH

Question 10

Which process in the nephron is responsible for removing excess hydrogen ions to help maintain acid-base balance?

Accepted Answer

Secretion

Question 11

If a person is experiencing metabolic alkalosis, which of the following is most likely true?

Accepted Answer

Blood pH is above 7.45 due to excess bicarbonate or loss of acids

Question 12

Which of the following is a consequence of kidney damage leading to metabolic acidosis?

Accepted Answer

Accumulation of acids and loss of bicarbonate in the blood

Question 13

Which hormone is released in response to decreased blood pressure and stimulates sodium reabsorption in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the effect of natriuretic peptides (ANP & BNP) on the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Increase sodium and water excretion to lower blood volume

Question 15

Which of the following is a real-life scenario that demonstrates the importance of the countercurrent multiplier in the nephron loop?

Accepted Answer

A marathon runner conserves water by producing highly concentrated urine

Question 16

Which of the following is true regarding the regulation of water and solute loss in the body?

Accepted Answer

Active transport cannot move water; water movement depends on osmotic gradients

Question 17

Which of the following buffer systems is most effective in regulating pH in the extracellular fluid?

Accepted Answer

Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

Question 18

A patient with excessive vomiting is at risk for which acid-base disorder?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic alkalosis

Question 19

Which of the following is a multi-step process that occurs during urine formation in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Filtration, reabsorption, and secretion

Question 20

Which equation best represents the relationship between pH and hydrogen ion concentration?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{pH = -\log_{10}[H^+]}$$

Urinary System and Fluid & Acid-Base Balance: Structured Study Notes

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