Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the nephron in the kidney?

Accepted Answer

To filter blood plasma, reabsorb useful substances, and form urine

Question 2

A patient presents with high blood pressure and is found to have proteinuria. Which structure in the nephron is most likely damaged?

Accepted Answer

Glomerulus

Question 3

Which hormone is released in response to dehydration and acts to increase water reabsorption in the collecting duct?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 4

The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is primarily regulated by which of the following mechanisms?

Accepted Answer

Renal autoregulation, sympathetic control, and hormonal mechanisms

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why drinking seawater is fatal?

Accepted Answer

It increases the osmolarity of body fluids, causing water to leave cells and leading to dehydration

Question 6

Which part of the nephron is impermeable to water but allows for the reabsorption of Na+, Cl-, and K+?

Accepted Answer

Ascending limb of the nephron loop

Question 7

A patient with chronic hypertension is at risk for which of the following kidney pathologies?

Accepted Answer

Glomerular rupture and scarring

Question 8

Which of the following equations correctly represents the net filtration pressure (NFP) in the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

$$NFP = HP_g - (OP_g + HP_c)$$

Question 9

Which of the following is a normal constituent of urine?

Accepted Answer

Urea

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the effect of aldosterone on the distal convoluted tubule (DCT)?

Accepted Answer

It promotes sodium reabsorption, leading to water retention and increased blood pressure

Question 11

A patient with diabetes insipidus is likely to have which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Polyuria due to lack of ADH

Question 12

Which of the following is the correct sequence of urine flow from the nephron to the outside of the body?

Accepted Answer

Collecting duct → minor calyx → major calyx → renal pelvis → ureter → urinary bladder → urethra

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why the afferent arteriole is wider than the efferent arteriole in the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

To maintain a high hydrostatic pressure that favors filtration

Question 14

Which of the following is a likely cause of hematuria?

Accepted Answer

Urinary tract infection, trauma, or kidney stones

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of the macula densa in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

It monitors tubular fluid and signals juxtaglomerular cells to adjust GFR

Question 16

Which of the following is a consequence of decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Accepted Answer

Anuria and accumulation of wastes in the blood

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of the peritubular capillaries?

Accepted Answer

They reabsorb water and solutes from the renal tubule back into the blood

Question 18

Which of the following is a likely effect of taking a diuretic medication?

Accepted Answer

Increased urine output and decreased blood volume

Question 19

Which of the following is a characteristic of the female urethra compared to the male urethra?

Accepted Answer

It is shorter and more prone to urinary tract infections

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the effect of caffeine on the urinary system?

Accepted Answer

It dilates the afferent arteriole, increasing GFR and urine output

Urinary System: Structure, Function, and Physiology

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