Question 1

Which of the following statements best explains why Archaea are more closely related to Eukarya than to Bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Archaea and Eukarya share histones and similar ribosomal proteins, unlike Bacteria.

Question 2

A scientist discovers a microorganism living in a hot spring with temperatures above 80°C and acidic conditions. Which term best describes this organism?

Accepted Answer

Thermophile

Question 3

Which process allows bacteria to acquire new genetic material directly from their environment, such as DNA released by dead cells?

Accepted Answer

Transformation

Question 4

Cyanobacteria are ecologically important because they are the only prokaryotes that:

Accepted Answer

Produce oxygen as a product of photosynthesis.

Question 5

Which equation best represents the process of nitrogen fixation performed by certain prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{N_2$ + 8H^+ + 8e^- \rightarrow 2NH_3 + H_2$}$$

Question 6

A bacterium is classified as a chemoheterotroph. Which of the following best describes its nutritional mode?

Accepted Answer

It uses organic compounds for both energy and carbon.

Question 7

Which of the following is a major ecological role of decomposer bacteria in the global carbon cycle?

Accepted Answer

They break down dead organisms, releasing minerals for reuse.

Question 8

Which cell wall structure is most sensitive to penicillin and stains purple in a Gram stain?

Accepted Answer

Thick peptidoglycan wall

Question 9

A marine worm has no mouth, gut, or anus, but survives by relying on bacteria inside its body for food and waste recycling. This relationship is best described as:

Accepted Answer

Mutualism

Question 10

Which mechanism of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria involves a viral vector?

Accepted Answer

Transduction

Question 11

Which of the following best describes an obligate anaerobe?

Accepted Answer

An organism that cannot tolerate oxygen.

Question 12

Which of the following best explains the significance of horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

It enables prokaryotes to acquire new genetic traits, increasing diversity and adaptability.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a typical shape found among prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Cuboidal

Question 14

Which of the following equations represents the process of aerobic respiration in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O}$$

Question 15

Which of the following best describes a halophile?

Accepted Answer

An organism that thrives in environments with high salt concentrations.

Question 16

Which of the following is a real-world example of bacteria helping to solve environmental problems?

Accepted Answer

Bacteria that break down PET plastic.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of nitrifying bacteria in the nitrogen cycle?

Accepted Answer

They convert ammonia ($$\mathrm{NH_3$}) $$into nitrite ($$\mathrm{NO_2$^-}) $$and nitrate ($$\mathrm{NO_3$^-}).$$

Question 18

Which of the following is a plausible consequence of the widespread nature of horizontal gene transfer among prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Rapid spread of antibiotic resistance genes among bacterial populations.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the relationship between mitochondria, plastids, and bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria and plastids originated from bacteria by endosymbiosis.

Question 20

A bacterium is found to be aerotolerant anaerobe. Which of the following best describes its response to oxygen?

Accepted Answer

It does not use oxygen but is not poisoned by it.

Bacteria and Archaea: Diversity, Structure, and Ecological Roles

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