Question 1

Which of the following best explains why mitochondria are not considered part of the endomembrane system in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

They do not participate in vesicle-mediated transport with the ER and Golgi.

Question 2

A scientist observes a cell with a large central vacuole, chloroplasts, and a cell wall. Which additional structure would most likely be present in this cell but absent in typical animal cells?

Accepted Answer

Cellulose-based cell wall

Question 3

A mutation causes a cell to produce only saturated fatty acids in its plasma membrane phospholipids. Which of the following is the most likely consequence for the cell at low temperatures?

Accepted Answer

The membrane will become less fluid, potentially impairing function.

Question 4

Which process is responsible for the net movement of water into a plant cell placed in a hypotonic solution, and what is the resulting cellular condition called?

Accepted Answer

Osmosis; turgid

Question 5

A patient is given a drug that irreversibly inhibits the Na+/K+ ATPase. Which of the following transport processes will be directly affected first?

Accepted Answer

Secondary active transport of glucose via Na+-glucose symporter

Question 6

Which of the following statements about enzymes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by lowering the activation energy ($$E_a).$$

Question 7

A metabolic pathway is regulated by negative feedback. If the end product of the pathway accumulates, what is the most likely immediate effect?

Accepted Answer

The pathway's first enzyme is inhibited.

Question 8

During aerobic respiration, which molecule acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, and what is the product formed?

Accepted Answer

O$$_2$$; H$$_2O$$

Question 9

If a poison blocks the flow of electrons through the mitochondrial electron transport chain, which of the following will occur first?

Accepted Answer

The proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane will dissipate.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the main purpose of fermentation in human muscle cells during intense exercise?

Accepted Answer

To regenerate NAD$$^+ so $$glycolysis can continue

Question 11

In photosynthesis, what is the direct source of the oxygen gas ($$O_2) $$released by plants?

Accepted Answer

Water ($$H_2O)$$

Question 12

Which of the following correctly matches the process with its location in a eukaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

Light reactions – thylakoid membrane

Question 13

A plant is exposed to hot, dry conditions and closes its stomata. Which process is most likely to increase as a result?

Accepted Answer

Photorespiration

Question 14

Which adaptation allows C$$_4$$ plants to minimize photorespiration compared to C$$_3$$ plants?

Accepted Answer

Spatial separation of initial CO$$_2$$ fixation and Calvin cycle

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) in cell signaling?

Accepted Answer

It activates a G protein by promoting GDP-GTP exchange.

Question 16

A researcher adds a competitive inhibitor to an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. Which of the following will most likely restore the reaction rate to its original value?

Accepted Answer

Increasing the substrate concentration

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct statement about the movement of ions through a ligand-gated ion channel?

Accepted Answer

Ions move down their electrochemical gradient when the channel is open.

Question 18

A cell is treated with a drug that disrupts microtubules. Which cellular process is most likely to be directly impaired?

Accepted Answer

Vesicle transport from the Golgi to the plasma membrane

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why enzymes do not alter the $$
\Delta G of a $$reaction?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes lower the activation energy but do not change the energy difference between reactants and products.

Question 20

Which of the following is a direct result of activation of phospholipase C in a signal transduction pathway?

Accepted Answer

Cleavage of PIP$$_2 to $$produce IP$$_3$$ and DAG

BIO 1107 Chapters 6-11: Cell Structure, Membranes, Metabolism, Respiration, Photosynthesis, and Cell Communication

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