Question 1

Which of the following correctly represents the summary reaction for cellular respiration, and identifies the reactants and products?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{C}_6\mathrm{H}_{12}\mathrm{O}_6 + 6\ \mathrm{O}_2 ightarrow 6\ \mathrm{CO}_2 + 6\ \mathrm{H}_2O + 	ext{energy}$$; Reactants: $$\mathrm{C}_6\mathrm{H}_{12}\mathrm{O}_6$$, $$\mathrm{O}_2$$; Products: $$\mathrm{CO}_2$$, $$\mathrm{H}_2O$$, energy

Question 2

During cellular respiration, which molecule is reduced and which is oxidized?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen is reduced; glucose is oxidized.

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the role of NAD+ and FAD in cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

They are electron carriers that transport electrons to the electron transport chain.

Question 4

Which step of cellular respiration produces the greatest number of ATP molecules?

Accepted Answer

Oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain and chemiosmosis)

Question 5

Where in the cell does the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) occur, and what are its main reactants and products?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrial matrix; Reactants: acetyl-CoA, NAD+, FAD, ADP; Products: CO$$_2$$, NADH, FADH$$_2$$, ATP

Question 6

Which of the following statements about photosynthesis is correct?

Accepted Answer

Photosynthesis is an anabolic, endergonic process.

Question 7

What is the function of stomata in plant leaves?

Accepted Answer

They regulate gas exchange, allowing CO$$_2 in $$and O$$_2$$ out.

Question 8

Which wavelengths of light are most effective for photosynthesis in plants?

Accepted Answer

Red and blue wavelengths (approximately 400–500 nm and 600–700 nm)

Question 9

Which of the following best defines carbon fixation?

Accepted Answer

The incorporation of inorganic CO$$_2$$ into organic molecules during the Calvin cycle.

Question 10

A scientist is studying the effect of reducing atmospheric CO$$_2 on $$global temperatures. Which statement best explains how reducing CO$$_2$$ emissions may moderate climate change?

Accepted Answer

Lower CO$$_2$$ levels decrease the greenhouse effect, reducing global warming.

Question 11

During which phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle are chromosomes duplicated?

Accepted Answer

S phase

Question 12

Which of the following best distinguishes chromatin from chromosomes?

Accepted Answer

Chromatin is DNA wrapped around histone proteins; chromosomes are condensed chromatin visible during cell division.

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of histone proteins in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

They help package DNA into structural units called nucleosomes.

Question 14

A cell with a diploid chromosome number of 8 undergoes mitosis. How many chromosomes will each daughter cell have after cytokinesis?

Accepted Answer

8

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the difference between aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration in yeast, as observed in the balloon inflation lab?

Accepted Answer

Anaerobic respiration (fermentation) produces CO$$_2$$ and ethanol, inflating the balloon; aerobic respiration produces more ATP and less CO$$_2.$$

Question 16

In pigment chromatography, what is the primary reason different pigments travel different distances on the chromatography paper?

Accepted Answer

Pigments differ in their solubility and affinity for the paper, causing them to separate.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a function of mitosis in multicellular organisms?

Accepted Answer

Production of gametes

Question 18

Which structure attaches the spindle microtubules to the chromosomes during mitosis?

Accepted Answer

Kinetochore

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why green plants appear green to our eyes?

Accepted Answer

Chlorophyll reflects green light and absorbs red and blue wavelengths.

Question 20

A mutation causes a cell to lose control over the G1 checkpoint in the cell cycle. What is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

The cell may divide uncontrollably, potentially leading to tumor formation.

BIO 181 Unit 3: Cellular Respiration, Photosynthesis, and Cell Reproduction Study Guide

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