Question 1

Which of the following best distinguishes homology from homoplasy when interpreting a phylogenetic tree?

Accepted Answer

Homology refers to traits inherited from a common ancestor, while homoplasy refers to traits that arise independently in unrelated lineages due to convergent evolution.

Question 2

A paleontologist discovers a fossilized organism with evidence of a hard exoskeleton and jointed appendages. Which type of fossil is most likely to preserve such features, and what is a major limitation of the fossil record illustrated by this example?

Accepted Answer

Permineralized fossil; the limitation is that only organisms with hard parts are commonly preserved, leading to an incomplete record of soft-bodied life.

Question 3

Which of the following best explains how ecological opportunity can lead to adaptive radiation, as seen in Darwin’s finches on the Galápagos Islands?

Accepted Answer

A single species colonizes a new environment with many unoccupied niches, leading to rapid diversification as populations adapt to different resources.

Question 4

Which event is most closely associated with the end-Cretaceous mass extinction, and what was its primary biological consequence?

Accepted Answer

An asteroid impact; the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs and the subsequent diversification of mammals.

Question 5

Which of the following statements about prokaryotic genetic variation is correct?

Accepted Answer

Genetic variation in prokaryotes can result from horizontal gene transfer, including transformation, transduction, and conjugation.

Question 6

A researcher is using metagenomics to study the microbial community in soil. Which step is essential in this process, and what is a key advantage of metagenomics?

Accepted Answer

Extracting DNA directly from environmental samples; it enables the study of unculturable microbes and the entire community's genetic diversity.

Question 7

Which metabolic strategy is unique to certain prokaryotes and allows them to thrive in environments where light and organic carbon are scarce?

Accepted Answer

Chemoautotrophy

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why protists are considered a paraphyletic group?

Accepted Answer

Protists include some, but not all, descendants of their most recent common ancestor, excluding plants, animals, and fungi.

Question 9

The endosymbiotic theory explains the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells. Which evidence best supports this theory?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own circular DNA and double membranes, similar to certain bacteria.

Question 10

A protist exhibits alternation of generations in its life cycle. Which of the following correctly describes this process?

Accepted Answer

The organism alternates between haploid and diploid multicellular stages, with both stages capable of independent growth.

Question 11

Which of the following is a key ecological role of fungi in the carbon cycle?

Accepted Answer

Fungi decompose organic matter, releasing carbon back into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the mutualistic relationship between mycorrhizal fungi and land plants?

Accepted Answer

Fungi increase water and mineral absorption for plants, while plants supply fungi with carbohydrates.

Question 13

Which of the following is a key adaptation that makes fungi effective decomposers?

Accepted Answer

Fungi secrete extracellular enzymes that break down complex organic molecules outside their cells.

Question 14

Which major fungal lineage is characterized by the production of sexual spores in sac-like structures called asci?

Accepted Answer

Ascomycota

Question 15

A patient is diagnosed with a bacterial infection that is resistant to multiple antibiotics. Which property of prokaryotes most likely contributed to the rapid spread of antibiotic resistance genes in this population?

Accepted Answer

High rates of binary fission and horizontal gene transfer, such as conjugation, allow for rapid dissemination of resistance genes.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of bacteria in bioremediation?

Accepted Answer

Bacteria are used to break down pollutants and toxic compounds in the environment, such as oil spills.

Question 17

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of background extinction?

Accepted Answer

A gradual decline in a species due to competition and environmental change over millions of years.

Question 18

Which of the following is a key feature distinguishing Archaea from Bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Archaea have unique membrane lipids with ether bonds, while Bacteria have ester-linked membrane lipids.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains the significance of the Cambrian explosion?

Accepted Answer

It represents a rapid diversification of animal body plans and the appearance of most major animal phyla in the fossil record.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the life cycle of zygomycetes?

Accepted Answer

They form a zygosporangium where karyogamy and meiosis occur, producing genetically diverse spores.

BIO 182 Exam 2 Study Guide: Phylogenies, Prokaryotes, Protists, and Fungi

스터디 가이드 - 연습 문제

학습 가이드 - 플래시카드