Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between deductive and inductive reasoning in scientific inquiry?

Accepted Answer

Deductive reasoning applies general principles to predict specific results, while inductive reasoning involves making generalizations from specific observations.

Question 2

A scientist observes that all swans she has seen are white and concludes that all swans must be white. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Inductive reasoning

Question 3

Which of the following statements about DNA and RNA is correct?

Accepted Answer

DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose, while RNA contains the sugar ribose.

Question 4

Which of the following best represents the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

$$DNA \rightarrow RNA \rightarrow Protein$$

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a domain in the current classification of life?

Accepted Answer

Protista

Question 6

A theory in science is best described as:

Accepted Answer

A well-substantiated explanation that is supported by a large body of evidence.

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of a vestigial structure in humans?

Accepted Answer

The appendix

Question 8

Which scientist is most closely associated with the idea of catastrophism and the study of strata in geology?

Accepted Answer

Georges Cuvier

Question 9

If a fossil is found in a lower stratum compared to another fossil, what can you infer about their relative ages?

Accepted Answer

The fossil in the lower stratum is older.

Question 10

Which of the following elements makes up the largest percentage of the human body by mass?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen

Question 11

An atom has an atomic number of 7 and a mass number of 15. How many neutrons does it have?

Accepted Answer

$$15 - 7 = 8$$ neutrons

Question 12

Which type of bond is formed when two atoms share electrons unequally due to a difference in electronegativity?

Accepted Answer

Polar covalent bond

Question 13

Which of the following best describes an isotope?

Accepted Answer

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons

Question 14

A chemical reaction is at equilibrium when:

Accepted Answer

The rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction.

Question 15

Which of the following is found in plant cells but NOT in animal cells?

Accepted Answer

Chloroplasts

Question 16

A patient has a genetic disorder that prevents the proper functioning of lysosomes. Which of the following symptoms is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Accumulation of undigested materials in cells

Question 17

Which of the following organelles is part of the endomembrane system?

Accepted Answer

Golgi apparatus

Question 18

Gap junctions in animal cells are functionally most similar to which structure in plant cells?

Accepted Answer

Plasmodesmata

Question 19

Which of the following statements about prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is correct?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not.

Question 20

A researcher is analyzing a phylogenetic tree and wants to identify the most recent common ancestor of two species. Where should she look?

Accepted Answer

At the node where the branches of the two species converge

BIOL 1406 Exam 1 Review: Themes of Life, Chemical Context, Evolution, and Cell Structure

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