Question 1

Which property of the carbon atom most directly explains its ability to form large, complex molecules essential for life?

Accepted Answer

Its ability to form up to four covalent bonds

Question 2

In the photosynthesis equation $$6\ CO_2$ + 6\ H_2O \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6\ O_2$, which molecules are considered organic?

Accepted Answer

$$C_6H_{12}O_6$ only

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the relationship between monomers and polymers?

Accepted Answer

Polymers are large molecules made by joining monomers together via covalent bonds.

Question 4

Which process is responsible for joining two monosaccharides to form a disaccharide, and what is released during this reaction?

Accepted Answer

Dehydration synthesis; water ($$H_2O)$$

Question 5

Which three types of atoms are minimally required to make carbohydrates?

Accepted Answer

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Question 6

Which functional group is commonly found in carbohydrates and is essential for their reactivity?

Accepted Answer

Hydroxyl group ($$-OH)$$

Question 7

Which polysaccharide is used for energy storage in animals?

Accepted Answer

Glycogen

Question 8

A patient is advised to reduce their intake of trans fats. Which structural feature distinguishes trans fatty acids from cis fatty acids?

Accepted Answer

Trans fatty acids have a double bond with hydrogen atoms on opposite sides.

Question 9

Which part of a phospholipid molecule is hydrophilic?

Accepted Answer

Phosphate head

Question 10

What is the primary function of cholesterol in animal cell membranes?

Accepted Answer

It increases membrane fluidity and stability.

Question 11

Which bond forms between two amino acids during protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Peptide bond

Question 12

A mutation changes the primary structure of a protein. Which level of protein structure is directly affected first?

Accepted Answer

Primary structure

Question 13

Which of the following is a complete protein source?

Accepted Answer

Eggs

Question 14

Which five types of atoms are minimally required to make nucleic acids?

Accepted Answer

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus

Question 15

What type of bond links nucleotides together in a DNA strand?

Accepted Answer

Phosphodiester bond

Question 16

Which sugar is found in RNA but not in DNA?

Accepted Answer

Ribose

Question 17

How does ATP provide energy for cellular processes?

Accepted Answer

By hydrolyzing a phosphate group, releasing energy

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins in living organisms?

Accepted Answer

Storing genetic information

Question 19

Which functional group is present in all amino acids and is essential for peptide bond formation?

Accepted Answer

Carboxyl group ($$-COOH)$$

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why protein folding is important for biological function?

Accepted Answer

Folding determines the protein's three-dimensional shape, which is critical for its specific function.

Biological Macromolecules: Structure, Function, and Properties From Lecture Outline

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