Question 1

Which of the following best explains why cells are limited in their maximum size?

Accepted Answer

As cells increase in size, their volume increases faster than their surface area, making diffusion inefficient.

Question 2

A scientist wants to observe the detailed structure of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Which microscope should they use and why?

Accepted Answer

Transmission electron microscope, because it provides high-resolution images of internal cell structures.

Question 3

Which of the following organelles is NOT part of the endomembrane system?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion

Question 4

A red blood cell is placed in a solution and begins to swell and eventually bursts. Which term best describes the tonicity of the solution relative to the cell?

Accepted Answer

Hypotonic

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not.

Question 6

Which of the following molecules can most easily diffuse through a plasma membrane without the help of a transport protein?

Accepted Answer

Small nonpolar molecules like $$\mathrm{O_2$}$$

Question 7

Which of the following is a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

Accepted Answer

Lipid synthesis and detoxification

Question 8

A plant cell is placed in a solution with a water potential ($$\Psi) of$$ $$-0.5$$ MPa. The cell's internal water potential is $$-0.7$$ MPa. In which direction will water move?

Accepted Answer

Water will move into the cell.

Question 9

Which cytoskeletal fiber is primarily responsible for muscle contraction and cell movement?

Accepted Answer

Microfilaments (actin filaments)

Question 10

Which process requires energy input from ATP to move substances across the plasma membrane against their concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of the Golgi apparatus in a eukaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

Modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids

Question 12

A white blood cell engulfs a bacterium by surrounding it with its plasma membrane. This process is best described as:

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis

Question 13

Which of the following statements about ribosomes is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Bound ribosomes synthesize proteins for export or for membranes.

Question 14

Which of the following is a key difference between plant and animal cells?

Accepted Answer

Plant cells have chloroplasts and a cell wall, animal cells do not.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the sodium-potassium pump?

Accepted Answer

It uses ATP to move sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell, both against their gradients.

Question 16

A cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. What will happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

The cell will lose water and shrink.

Question 17

Which of the following best explains how ATP provides energy for cellular work?

Accepted Answer

ATP is broken down into ADP and phosphate, releasing energy.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cytoskeleton?

Accepted Answer

Synthesizing proteins

Question 19

Which type of membrane transport is used when a cell secretes hormones into the bloodstream?

Accepted Answer

Exocytosis

Question 20

Given the water potential equation $$\Psi = \Psi_s + \Psi_p$$, if a plant cell has a solute potential ($$\Psi_s) of$$ $$-0.8$$ MPa and a pressure potential ($$\Psi_p) of$$ $$0.5$$ MPa, what is the total water potential ($$\Psi) of $$the cell?

Accepted Answer

$$\Psi = -0.3$$ MPa

Cell Structure, Function, and Membrane Transport: AP Biology Study Guide

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