Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes a key structural difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear envelope, whereas prokaryotic cells lack a true nucleus.

Question 2

A plant cell is placed in a solution with a lower solute concentration than its cytoplasm. Which term best describes the solution, and what will happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

The solution is hypotonic; the cell will swell as water enters.

Question 3

Which of the following best explains why animal cells, but not plant cells, are likely to burst when placed in pure water?

Accepted Answer

Animal cells lack a cell wall to resist osmotic pressure, while plant cells have a rigid cell wall.

Question 4

Which process is responsible for the movement of oxygen from the lungs into the blood across the alveolar membrane?

Accepted Answer

Simple diffusion

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the function of ATP synthase during cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

It uses the energy of a proton gradient to synthesize ATP from ADP and phosphate.

Question 6

During photosynthesis, which wavelengths of light are most efficiently absorbed by chlorophyll pigments?

Accepted Answer

Red and blue

Question 7

Which of the following equations correctly represents the change in free energy ($$\Delta G) $$for a chemical reaction?

Accepted Answer

$$\Delta G = \Delta H - T\Delta S$$

Question 8

Which of the following statements about enzymes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes lower the activation energy barrier, increasing the rate of reaction.

Question 9

A patient is diagnosed with cyanide poisoning, which inhibits cytochrome c oxidase in mitochondria. Which process is directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Electron transport chain

Question 10

Which of the following is a product of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

NADPH

Question 11

In the context of cellular respiration, what is the primary role of oxygen?

Accepted Answer

To accept electrons at the end of the electron transport chain, forming water.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the difference between C3 and C4 plants?

Accepted Answer

C3 plants fix CO$$_2$$ directly via the Calvin cycle, while C4 plants initially fix CO$$_2$$ into a four-carbon compound before entering the Calvin cycle.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

Synthesizing proteins for the cell

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the process of endocytosis?

Accepted Answer

The uptake of large molecules or particles into the cell by engulfing them in a vesicle

Question 15

Which of the following statements about fermentation is correct?

Accepted Answer

Fermentation produces lactic acid or ethanol and regenerates NAD$$^+$$ for glycolysis.

Question 16

A scientist measures the rate of photosynthesis in a plant under different wavelengths of light. Which color of light would likely result in the lowest rate of photosynthesis, and why?

Accepted Answer

Green, because chlorophyll reflects green light rather than absorbing it.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the relationship between catabolic and anabolic reactions in metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Catabolic reactions release energy by breaking down molecules, while anabolic reactions use energy to build complex molecules.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct statement about the direction of electron flow in cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Electrons flow from NADH and FADH$$_2 to $$oxygen via the electron transport chain.

Question 19

Which of the following is a shared process between cellular respiration and photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

Electron transport chain

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why the Calvin cycle is sometimes called the 'dark reactions' of photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

It does not directly require light, but depends on ATP and NADPH produced by the light reactions.

Cell Structure, Membrane Function, and Energy Processes in General Biology

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