Question 1

Which component of the extracellular layer in most eukaryotic cells is primarily responsible for resisting tension?

Accepted Answer

Cross-linked network of long filaments

Question 2

In plant cell walls, which molecule provides the main structural strength by forming fibers?

Accepted Answer

Cellulose

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the role of integrins in animal cells?

Accepted Answer

They bind to laminin in the ECM and connect to the cytoskeleton inside the cell.

Question 4

Which cell junction is responsible for forming a water-tight seal between adjacent animal cells?

Accepted Answer

Tight junctions

Question 5

Desmosomes are important for cell-cell adhesion because they:

Accepted Answer

Form strong attachments mediated by cadherin proteins

Question 6

Gap junctions in animal cells function to:

Accepted Answer

Allow direct passage of small molecules between adjacent cells

Question 7

Which of the following is TRUE about hormone signaling in multicellular organisms?

Accepted Answer

Hormones are secreted, circulate in the body, and bind to receptors on distant target cells.

Question 8

A cell's sensitivity to a hormone is primarily determined by:

Accepted Answer

The number of cellular receptors for that hormone

Question 9

Lipid-soluble signals, such as steroid hormones, typically:

Accepted Answer

Pass through the plasma membrane and bind to intracellular receptors

Question 10

Which type of receptor is most likely to initiate a phosphorylation cascade inside the target cell?

Accepted Answer

Enzyme-linked receptor (RTK)

Question 11

Adrenaline (epinephrine) triggers the 'fight or flight' response by binding to which type of receptor?

Accepted Answer

G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)

Question 12

Insulin lowers blood glucose by binding to its receptor and causing cells to:

Accepted Answer

Increase production of glucose transporters to pull glucose from the blood

Question 13

Which of the following mechanisms is used to deactivate cell signaling pathways?

Accepted Answer

Degradation of second messengers and activation of phosphatases

Question 14

Which equation best represents the relationship between the number of hormone receptors ($$R) $$and the sensitivity ($$S) of a $$cell to a hormone, assuming direct proportionality?

Accepted Answer

$$S = kR$$

Question 15

A mutation causes a cell to produce nonfunctional cadherin proteins. Which cell-cell junction would be most affected?

Accepted Answer

Desmosomes

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the signal transduction pathway of a lipid-insoluble hormone?

Accepted Answer

Hormone binds cell surface receptor → activates second messenger or phosphorylation cascade → cellular response

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why cartilage has a rubber-like consistency?

Accepted Answer

Presence of proteoglycans in the ground substance

Question 18

If a cell's GPCR pathway is blocked, which of the following responses would most likely be impaired?

Accepted Answer

Rapid increase in cardiac muscle contraction in response to adrenaline

Question 19

Which of the following is a multi-step process that integrates both cell surface and intracellular signaling components?

Accepted Answer

A peptide hormone binds to a GPCR, activates a second messenger, which then triggers a phosphorylation cascade.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the function of laminin in the extracellular matrix?

Accepted Answer

It acts as a cross-linking material that 'glues' other ECM components together.

ch 11

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