$$C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + \text{energy (ATP)}$$

Question 1

Which structural feature of ATP is primarily responsible for its ability to release a large amount of energy upon hydrolysis?

Accepted Answer

The three negatively charged phosphate groups, which are held together by unstable bonds

Question 2

During aerobic cellular respiration, which molecule acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen ($$O_2)$$

Question 3

Where does glycolysis occur in a eukaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

Cytosol

Question 4

Which of the following is a correct summary of the net inputs and outputs of glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

Input: 1 glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+; Output: 2 pyruvate, 4 ATP (2 net), 2 NADH

Question 5

Which process directly regenerates NAD+ in the absence of oxygen, allowing glycolysis to continue?

Accepted Answer

Fermentation

Question 6

In the context of the endosymbiont theory, which statement best explains the origin of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria originated from free-living bacteria that were engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the role of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

It pumps protons across the mitochondrial membrane to create a proton gradient

Question 8

What is the main purpose of fermentation in cells under anaerobic conditions?

Accepted Answer

To regenerate NAD+ so glycolysis can continue

Question 9

Which of the following is a product of the citric acid cycle?

Accepted Answer

NADH

Question 10

If a cell is deprived of oxygen, which step of cellular respiration will be directly inhibited?

Accepted Answer

Electron transport chain

Question 11

Which equation correctly represents the overall reaction for aerobic cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

$$C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6O_2 ightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + 	ext{energy (ATP)}$$

Question 12

Which of the following statements best contrasts aerobic respiration and fermentation?

Accepted Answer

Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor, while fermentation does not

Question 13

During lactic acid fermentation, which molecule is reduced to regenerate NAD+?

Accepted Answer

Pyruvate

Question 14

Which location in the mitochondrion is the site of the citric acid cycle?

Accepted Answer

Matrix

Question 15

A mutation prevents a cell from producing NAD+. Which process would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Glycolysis

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT an input for the citric acid cycle?

Accepted Answer

Glucose

Question 17

In ethanol fermentation, which organism is most likely to perform this process?

Accepted Answer

Yeast

Question 18

Which process in cellular respiration produces the most ATP per glucose molecule?

Accepted Answer

Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

Question 19

If a cell is unable to pump protons across the mitochondrial inner membrane, which process will be directly impaired?

Accepted Answer

Chemiosmosis (ATP synthesis)

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why ATP is considered the 'energy currency' of the cell?

Accepted Answer

ATP contains high-energy phosphate bonds that can be easily hydrolyzed to release energy for cellular work

Cellular Respiration and Metabolic Pathways: Study Notes for General Biology

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