Question 1

Which experiment provided the strongest evidence that DNA, and not protein, is the genetic material in cells?

Accepted Answer

Hershey-Chase experiment using bacteriophages labeled with radioactive isotopes

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the base pairing rules in DNA as discovered by Chargaff?

Accepted Answer

A pairs with T, C pairs with G

Question 3

During DNA replication, which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing short RNA primers on the lagging strand?

Accepted Answer

Primase

Question 4

What is the main difference between the leading and lagging strands during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

The leading strand is synthesized continuously, while the lagging strand is synthesized in short fragments called Okazaki fragments.

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why telomeres are necessary in eukaryotic chromosomes?

Accepted Answer

They prevent the loss of important genetic information due to the inability of DNA polymerase to fully replicate the 3' ends of linear DNA.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a function of DNA polymerase during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

Joining Okazaki fragments together

Question 7

Which scientist(s) used X-ray crystallography to provide critical evidence for the double helix structure of DNA?

Accepted Answer

Franklin and Wilkins

Question 8

What is the role of restriction endonucleases in bacterial cells?

Accepted Answer

They cut foreign DNA at specific sequences to protect the cell from viruses.

Question 9

How do bacteria protect their own DNA from being degraded by their own restriction endonucleases?

Accepted Answer

By methylating their own DNA at the recognition sites

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the principle of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?

Accepted Answer

It amplifies a specific DNA sequence using cycles of denaturation, annealing, and extension.

Question 11

Which DNA sequencing method relies on chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides to generate fragments of varying lengths?

Accepted Answer

Sanger sequencing

Question 12

What is the main difference between DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase?

Accepted Answer

DNA polymerase requires a primer to initiate synthesis, while RNA polymerase does not.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the function of nucleosomes in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

They package DNA by wrapping it around histone proteins, aiding in chromosome compaction.

Question 14

Which of the following statements about eukaryotic and prokaryotic chromosome structure is correct?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic chromosomes are linear and organized into nucleosomes, while prokaryotic chromosomes are typically circular and lack nucleosomes.

Question 15

Which of the following best explains how CRISPR-Cas9 can be used to create a gene drive in a population?

Accepted Answer

By ensuring that a specific genetic modification is inherited by nearly all offspring, overriding Mendelian inheritance

Question 16

A scientist is using PCR to amplify a segment of DNA. If the initial number of DNA molecules is $$N_0$$ and the number of cycles is $$n$$, what is the expected number of DNA molecules after $$n$$ cycles, assuming 100% efficiency?

Accepted Answer

$$N_0$$ 	imes 2^n$$

Question 17

Which of the following is a key feature of nanopore sequencing that distinguishes it from Sanger and pyrosequencing?

Accepted Answer

It detects changes in electrical current as DNA passes through a pore.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the evidence supporting the semi-conservative model of DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

Each new DNA molecule consists of one parental strand and one newly synthesized strand.

Question 19

Jennifer Doudna is best known for her contributions to which of the following scientific advancements?

Accepted Answer

Development of the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology

Question 20

A researcher is cloning a gene using restriction enzymes and DNA ligase. Which of the following steps is essential for ensuring that the gene is inserted into the plasmid vector?

Accepted Answer

Cutting both the gene and the plasmid with the same restriction enzyme to create complementary sticky ends

DNA: Molecular Structure, Replication, and Biotechnology

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