Question 1

A map shows a region at 60°N latitude with high annual precipitation and moderate temperatures. Which biome is most likely found in this region?

Accepted Answer

Temperate rainforest

Question 2

Which of the following best explains why deserts are often found at 30° latitude north and south of the equator?

Accepted Answer

Descending dry air masses from Hadley cells reduce precipitation.

Question 3

A population of rabbits in a field has a per capita birth rate of $$b = 0.3$$ and a per capita death rate of $$d = 0.1. $$What is the intrinsic rate of increase $$r$$ for this population?

Accepted Answer

$$r = 0.2$$

Question 4

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of a realized niche?

Accepted Answer

A plant species can grow in both sun and shade, but in nature is only found in shade due to competition.

Question 5

According to the theory of island biogeography, which island would be expected to have the highest species richness?

Accepted Answer

A large island close to the mainland

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the difference between exponential and logistic population growth?

Accepted Answer

Exponential growth occurs when resources are unlimited, while logistic growth includes the effect of carrying capacity.

Question 7

A population of deer is growing logistically with a carrying capacity $$K = 500$$ and an intrinsic rate of increase $$r = 0.1. If $$the current population size is $$N = 250$$, what is the expected population growth rate $$\Delta N/\Delta t$$?

Accepted Answer

$$\Delta N/\Delta t = 50$$

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of a fitness trade-off in population ecology?

Accepted Answer

A plant species allocates more energy to producing many small seeds rather than a few large seeds.

Question 9

In a food web, which of the following best explains why energy transfer between trophic levels is inefficient?

Accepted Answer

Most energy is lost as heat due to metabolic processes.

Question 10

Which of the following interactions is correctly matched with its effect on the fitness of the two species involved?

Accepted Answer

Competition: (-/-)

Question 11

A volcanic eruption creates a new island. According to the theory of island biogeography, what is the most likely pattern of species colonization over time?

Accepted Answer

Species richness will increase rapidly at first, then level off as extinction and immigration rates balance.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the process of character displacement?

Accepted Answer

Two species evolve to use different resources, reducing competition.

Question 13

Which of the following is a direct result of the competitive exclusion principle?

Accepted Answer

Two species with identical niches cannot coexist indefinitely.

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why ocean currents can influence the climate of coastal regions?

Accepted Answer

Ocean currents transport warm or cold water, affecting air temperature and precipitation patterns.

Question 15

Which of the following is true about nutrient cycling in ecosystems?

Accepted Answer

Nutrients cycle between biotic and abiotic components, while energy flows through and is lost as heat.

Question 16

A grassland ecosystem receives $$10,000 kJ of $$solar energy. If only $$10\% of $$energy is transferred to each trophic level, how much energy is available to secondary consumers?

Accepted Answer

$$100 kJ$$

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of a human impact on nutrient cycling?

Accepted Answer

Fertilizer runoff increases nitrogen in aquatic ecosystems, causing algal blooms.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the relationship between net primary productivity (NPP) and energy flow in an ecosystem?

Accepted Answer

NPP represents the amount of energy available to primary consumers after producers use some for respiration.

Question 19

A population of fish in a lake is affected by both immigration and emigration. If the birth rate is $$0.05$$, death rate is $$0.02$$, immigration rate is $$0.01$$, and emigration rate is $$0.03$$, what is the net population growth rate $$r$$?

Accepted Answer

$$r = 0.01$$

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the effect of past abiotic factors on the current distribution of organisms?

Accepted Answer

Past climate changes can restrict or expand the range of species, influencing present-day distributions.

Ecology: Climate, Biomes, Populations, Communities, and Ecosystems

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