Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between exergonic and endergonic reactions in terms of free energy ($$\Delta G$$)?

Accepted Answer

Exergonic reactions have a negative $$\Delta G$$ and release energy, while endergonic reactions have a positive $$\Delta G$$ and require energy input.

Question 2

A ball sitting at the top of a hill possesses which type of energy, and what is an example of this energy being converted during cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Potential energy; conversion of the proton gradient to ATP during chemiosmosis.

Question 3

Which of the following best explains how enzymes speed up chemical reactions?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes lower the activation energy ($$E_a) $$required for the reaction.

Question 4

If the concentration of substrate is increased in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, but the enzyme concentration remains constant, what will happen to the reaction rate?

Accepted Answer

The reaction rate will increase until the enzyme becomes saturated, then level off.

Question 5

Which of the following is true regarding competitive and non-competitive enzyme inhibitors?

Accepted Answer

Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site, while non-competitive inhibitors bind to a different site on the enzyme.

Question 6

During cellular respiration, which molecule is oxidized and which is reduced in the overall reaction?

Accepted Answer

Glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced.

Question 7

Which stage of cellular respiration produces the most ATP, and where does it occur?

Accepted Answer

Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis; inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 8

Why is oxygen essential for aerobic respiration in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, forming water.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the main purpose of fermentation in cells?

Accepted Answer

To regenerate NAD$$^+ so $$glycolysis can continue in the absence of oxygen.

Question 10

In the electron transport chain of mitochondria, what is pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane, and what is the significance of this process?

Accepted Answer

Protons (H$$^+) $$are pumped to create an electrochemical gradient used for ATP synthesis.

Question 11

Which of the following statements about photosynthesis is correct?

Accepted Answer

CO$$_2 is $$reduced to form glucose, and H$$_2O is $$oxidized to form O$$_2.$$

Question 12

What is the primary function of the enzyme RUBISCO in the Calvin cycle?

Accepted Answer

To fix atmospheric CO$$_2$$ into organic molecules.

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why leaves appear green to our eyes?

Accepted Answer

Chlorophyll reflects green light and absorbs red and blue light.

Question 14

Which process occurs in both cellular respiration and photosynthesis and involves the movement of protons across a membrane to drive ATP synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Chemiosmosis

Question 15

In C4 and CAM plants, what adaptation helps minimize photorespiration?

Accepted Answer

They spatially or temporally separate CO$$_2$$ fixation from the Calvin cycle.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct description of feedback inhibition in metabolic pathways?

Accepted Answer

The end product of a pathway inhibits an enzyme involved early in the pathway.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of ATP in cellular metabolism?

Accepted Answer

ATP stores energy in its phosphate bonds, which is released when ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and Pi.

Question 18

During the light reactions of photosynthesis, what is the source of electrons for photosystem II (PSII), and what is the fate of these electrons?

Accepted Answer

Electrons come from H$$_2O $$and eventually reduce NADP$$^+ to $$NADPH.

Question 19

Which of the following is a primary producer in an ecosystem?

Accepted Answer

A grass plant converting sunlight into chemical energy.

Question 20

Which of the following statements about aerobic and anaerobic respiration is correct?

Accepted Answer

Aerobic respiration produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration.

Energy, Metabolism, Cellular Respiration, and Photosynthesis: Study Guide

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