Q: If the human hemoglobin polypeptide is 146 amino acids long and differs from a gorilla's by 8 amino acids, what is the percentage difference between the two sequences? Use the formula $$\text{Percentage difference} = \frac{\text{Number of differences}}{\text{Total number of amino acids}} \times 100.$$

$$\frac{8}{146} \times 100 = 5.48\%$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes Darwin's concept of 'descent with modification'?

Accepted Answer

Species descend from a distant common ancestor and gradually accumulate changes over generations.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a type of fossilization process described in the study materials?

Accepted Answer

Photosynthesis

Question 3

The fossil record provides evidence for evolution primarily because it:

Accepted Answer

Shows a historical record of the appearance and disappearance of different groups of organisms.

Question 4

Which of the following statements about sedimentary rock layers and fossils is correct?

Accepted Answer

The relative ages of fossils can be determined by their position in sedimentary rock layers, with the oldest at the bottom.

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of biogeographical evidence for evolution?

Accepted Answer

The presence of similar lungfish species in Africa, South America, and Australia due to continental drift.

Question 6

Comparative anatomy provides evidence for evolution through the study of:

Accepted Answer

Homologous structures that share a common ancestry but may have different functions.

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why vertebrate embryos share features such as pharyngeal slits and post-anal tails?

Accepted Answer

These features are evidence of common ancestry among vertebrates.

Question 8

Molecular biology supports evolutionary theory by showing that:

Accepted Answer

All organisms use the same four nucleotides (A, T, G, C) to encode genetic information.

Question 9

If the human hemoglobin polypeptide is 146 amino acids long and differs from a gorilla's by 8 amino acids, what is the percentage difference between the two sequences? Use the formula $$	ext{Percentage difference} = \frac{	ext{Number of differences}}{	ext{Total number of amino acids}} 	imes 100.$$

Accepted Answer

$$\frac{8}{146} 	imes 100 = 5.48\%$$

Question 10

Which of the following is a correct statement about the universality of the genetic code?

Accepted Answer

All organisms use the same codons to encode amino acids, supporting common ancestry.

Question 11

Which evidence supports the idea that whales evolved from terrestrial mammals?

Accepted Answer

Fossil whales with robust hind limbs and foot bones that do not extend outside the body.

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT considered a source of evidence for evolutionary theory?

Accepted Answer

Astrology

Question 13

Why do lungfish fossils appear on multiple continents, according to evolutionary theory?

Accepted Answer

Lungfish evolved before the continents split, so their fossils are distributed across several continents.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes homologous structures?

Accepted Answer

Structures that are similar due to common ancestry but may serve different functions.

Question 15

Which molecular evidence supports the relatedness of fruit flies and mice?

Accepted Answer

Similarity of master control genes (homeotic genes) in their chromosomes.

Question 16

A scientist finds a fossil in a sedimentary rock layer that is beneath three other layers. What can be inferred about the age of the fossil?

Accepted Answer

It is older than the fossils found in the layers above it.

Question 17

Which of the following is a real-world example of comparative embryology supporting evolution?

Accepted Answer

The presence of pharyngeal slits in both fish and human embryos.

Question 18

Which of the following statements about the genetic code is correct?

Accepted Answer

There are 64 codons, 61 of which encode amino acids.

Question 19

If a newly discovered vertebrate species has a hemoglobin polypeptide that differs from humans by 86 amino acids out of 146, what is the percentage difference? Use $$	ext{Percentage difference} = \frac{	ext{Number of differences}}{	ext{Total number of amino acids}} 	imes 100.$$

Accepted Answer

$$\frac{86}{146} 	imes 100 = 58.90\%$$

Evolution: Evidence and Mechanisms in General Biology

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