Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between anisogamy and isogamy in the context of sexual reproduction?

Accepted Answer

Anisogamy involves the fusion of gametes of different sizes, typically a large immobile egg and a small motile sperm, while isogamy involves gametes of similar size and form.

Question 2

According to Triver’s parental investment theory, which of the following statements is most accurate?

Accepted Answer

The sex that invests more in offspring will be more selective in mate choice, while the other sex will compete for access to mates.

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT an assumption of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Accepted Answer

Natural selection is acting on the population.

Question 4

A population of prairie chickens experienced a dramatic reduction in genetic diversity due to habitat fragmentation. Which evolutionary mechanism is most likely responsible for this change?

Accepted Answer

Genetic drift

Question 5

Which of the following best illustrates frequency-dependent selection?

Accepted Answer

A rare color morph of a fish becomes more common because predators avoid unfamiliar prey.

Question 6

Which of the following equations represents the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for a gene with two alleles, A and a, with frequencies $$p$$ and $$q$$?

Accepted Answer

$$p^2 + 2pq$$ + $$q^2 = 1$

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of a prezygotic reproductive barrier that prevents fertilization?

Accepted Answer

Mechanical isolation

Question 8

A researcher observes that female gray tree frogs prefer males with longer call durations. According to the 'good genes' hypothesis, what is the most likely explanation for this preference?

Accepted Answer

Longer calls indicate higher genetic quality, leading to increased offspring fitness.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the difference between allopatric and sympatric speciation?

Accepted Answer

Allopatric speciation requires a physical barrier separating populations, while sympatric speciation occurs without geographic isolation.

Question 10

Which of the following is a direct benefit of mate choice?

Accepted Answer

Receiving resources or parental care from the chosen mate

Question 11

A population of birds is studied over several generations. The average beak size remains constant, but individuals with extremely large or small beaks have lower survival. Which type of natural selection is most likely occurring?

Accepted Answer

Stabilizing selection

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a necessary step in the process of speciation?

Accepted Answer

Hybridization between populations

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why seasons occur on Earth?

Accepted Answer

Earth's axis is tilted relative to its orbit, causing different hemispheres to receive varying amounts of sunlight throughout the year.

Question 14

Which of the following is a likely biotic impact of climate change?

Accepted Answer

Shifts in the timing of flowering in plants (phenology)

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the greenhouse effect?

Accepted Answer

Greenhouse gases absorb and re-emit infrared radiation, trapping heat in the atmosphere.

Question 16

A population of 1000 individuals is sampled, and 100 are marked and released. Later, 100 individuals are captured, and 10 of them are marked. Using the mark-recapture method, what is the estimated population size $$N$$? (Use the formula $$N = \frac{M 	imes n}{m}$$, where $$M is $$the number marked, $$n is $$the number captured, and $$m is $$the number of marked recaptures.)

Accepted Answer

$$N = \frac{100 	imes 100}{10} = 1000$$

Question 17

Which of the following best describes a metapopulation?

Accepted Answer

A set of local populations connected by occasional movement of individuals between them.

Question 18

Which survivorship curve (I, II, or III) is characterized by high mortality early in life, with few individuals surviving to adulthood?

Accepted Answer

Type III

Question 19

Which of the following equations describes exponential population growth?

Accepted Answer

$$\frac{dN}{dt} = rN$$

Question 20

A population of fish is introduced to a new lake with abundant resources and no predators. Over time, the population grows rapidly and then levels off as resources become limited. Which population growth model best describes this scenario?

Accepted Answer

Logistic growth

Evolution, Sexual Selection, Speciation, and Ecology: Study Notes for General Biology

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