Question 1

Which of the following best describes the three conditions required for natural selection to occur in a population?

Accepted Answer

Variation for a trait, heritability of the trait, and differential reproductive success

Question 2

Why is it inaccurate to say that natural selection causes changes in individuals?

Accepted Answer

Because natural selection acts on populations, not individuals

Question 3

Which scenario best illustrates the concept of differential reproductive success?

Accepted Answer

Rabbits with faster running speeds escape predators and leave more offspring than slower rabbits

Question 4

Which equation best represents the change in allele frequency due to genetic drift in a small population?

Accepted Answer

$$\Delta p = \frac{1}{2N}$$

Question 5

Which of the following is a common misconception about natural selection?

Accepted Answer

Natural selection gives organisms what they need

Question 6

How does the bottleneck effect impact genetic variation in a population?

Accepted Answer

It decreases genetic variation due to a drastic reduction in population size

Question 7

Which process is most likely to increase genetic differences between two populations?

Accepted Answer

Genetic drift

Question 8

In the context of sexual selection, what is the fundamental asymmetry of sex?

Accepted Answer

Eggs are more energetically costly to produce than sperm, so females are choosier

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the founder effect?

Accepted Answer

A small group establishes a new population with allele frequencies different from the source population

Question 10

Which type of selection favors individuals with extreme phenotypes at both ends of the range?

Accepted Answer

Disruptive selection

Question 11

Artificial selection differs from natural selection in that artificial selection:

Accepted Answer

Is directed by humans to favor specific traits

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of intersexual selection?

Accepted Answer

Female peacocks choosing males with the most colorful tails

Question 13

How does gene flow affect genetic variation within and between populations?

Accepted Answer

It increases genetic variation within populations and decreases differences between populations

Question 14

Which statement best explains why evolutionary fitness is different from physical fitness?

Accepted Answer

Evolutionary fitness is measured by reproductive success, not physical strength

Question 15

A population of finches experiences a drought, and only those with deeper beaks survive. What type of selection is this?

Accepted Answer

Directional selection

Question 16

Which of the following equations represents Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for two alleles?

Accepted Answer

$$p^2 + 2pq$$ + $$q^2 = 1$

Question 17

Which evolutionary process is the only one that consistently leads to adaptation?

Accepted Answer

Natural selection

Question 18

A population of iguanas is established on a new island by a few individuals. Over generations, the population shows reduced genetic diversity compared to the source population. Which process is responsible?

Accepted Answer

Founder effect

Question 19

Which of the following best describes sampling error in the context of genetic drift?

Accepted Answer

Random fluctuations in allele frequencies due to chance events in small populations

Question 20

Which of the following is a real-world example of the bottleneck effect?

Accepted Answer

A population of humans on Pingelap Atoll with a high frequency of achromatopsia after surviving two natural disasters

Evolutionary Mechanisms: Natural Selection, Genetic Drift, and Gene Flow

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