Question 1

Which of the following best describes the principle of segregation as proposed by Mendel?

Accepted Answer

Alleles for a trait are separated into reproductive cells during meiosis and randomly reunite during fertilization.

Question 2

A plant with genotype $$Tt ($$where $$T is $$tall and $$t is $$short) is crossed with another $$Tt$$ plant. What is the expected phenotypic ratio of their offspring?

Accepted Answer

$$3$$ tall : $$1$$ short

Question 3

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the principle of independent assortment?

Accepted Answer

A plant's seed color and seed shape are inherited independently because the genes are on different chromosomes.

Question 4

If a gene has three alleles ($$A$$, $$B$$, and $$O) as in $$human blood types, how many possible genotypes can be formed?

Accepted Answer

$$6$$

Question 5

A true-breeding plant with yellow seeds is crossed with a true-breeding plant with green seeds. All offspring have yellow seeds. What does this indicate about the yellow seed trait?

Accepted Answer

Yellow is dominant to green.

Question 6

Which of the following best defines a gene?

Accepted Answer

A section of DNA on a chromosome that is the unit of inheritance.

Question 7

A mutation is best described as:

Accepted Answer

A change in the nucleotide sequence in the DNA of a gene.

Question 8

In a dihybrid cross between two heterozygous pea plants ($$RrYy 	imes RrYy$$), what is the expected phenotypic ratio of the offspring?

Accepted Answer

$$9:3:3:1$$

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of polygenic inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Human skin color, which shows continuous variation and is controlled by several genes.

Question 10

If a woman with blood type $$A ($$genotype $$I^A I^O) $$and a man with blood type $$B ($$genotype $$I^B I^O) $$have a child, which blood type is NOT possible for their child?

Accepted Answer

Type C

Question 11

Which of the following statements about cytoplasmic inheritance is correct?

Accepted Answer

Traits are inherited through genes located in the mitochondria or chloroplasts, not the nucleus.

Question 12

A heterozygous individual for a trait ($$Aa) is $$crossed with a homozygous recessive individual ($$aa). $$What is the expected genotypic ratio of the offspring?

Accepted Answer

$$1 Aa$$ : $$1 aa$$

Question 13

Which of the following best describes incomplete dominance?

Accepted Answer

The heterozygote has a phenotype intermediate between those of the homozygotes.

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct statement about alleles?

Accepted Answer

Alleles are different versions of the same gene.

Question 15

A child inherits a mitochondrial disorder. Which parent most likely passed on the disorder?

Accepted Answer

Mother

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why Mendel’s work was revolutionary for its time?

Accepted Answer

He showed that traits are inherited as discrete units, not blended.

Question 17

If a trait is controlled by multiple genes and shows a continuous range of phenotypes, which inheritance pattern does this describe?

Accepted Answer

Polygenic inheritance

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of a phenotype?

Accepted Answer

Brown eyes

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the relationship between genotype and phenotype?

Accepted Answer

Genotype determines the potential phenotype, but the environment can influence the actual phenotype expressed.

Question 20

A man with genotype $$XY$$ and a woman with genotype $$XX$$ have a child. What is the probability that the child will be male?

Accepted Answer

$$0.5$$

Fundamentals of Inheritance and Genetics

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