Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes a key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have their genetic material enclosed within a nucleus, whereas prokaryotic cells do not.

Question 2

Which organelle is primarily responsible for ATP production in eukaryotic cells, and what is its main function?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion; generates energy through cellular respiration

Question 3

Which evidence most strongly supports the endosymbiosis theory for the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Accepted Answer

Both organelles contain circular DNA similar to bacterial genomes.

Question 4

Which equation correctly represents the relationship between Gibbs free energy ($$\Delta G$$), enthalpy ($$\Delta H$$), temperature ($$T$$), and entropy ($$\Delta S$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$\Delta G = \Delta H - T\Delta S$$

Question 5

A chemical reaction has a positive $$\Delta G. $$Which of the following best describes this reaction?

Accepted Answer

It is endergonic and requires an input of energy.

Question 6

How do enzymes increase the rate of chemical reactions?

Accepted Answer

By lowering the activation energy ($$E_a) $$required for the reaction.

Question 7

Which of the following factors can denature an enzyme and reduce its activity?

Accepted Answer

Extreme pH or high temperature

Question 8

Which stage of cellular respiration produces the most ATP, and through which process?

Accepted Answer

Electron transport chain; oxidative phosphorylation

Question 9

During glycolysis, glucose is converted into which molecule, and what is the net gain of ATP per glucose?

Accepted Answer

Pyruvate; 2 ATP

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of the electron transport chain (ETC) in cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

It creates a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Question 11

Which process occurs in the absence of oxygen and results in the production of lactic acid in muscle cells?

Accepted Answer

Lactic acid fermentation

Question 12

Which pigment is primarily responsible for absorbing light energy during photosynthesis, and what color does it reflect?

Accepted Answer

Chlorophyll; green

Question 13

In the Z-scheme of photosynthesis, how is ATP generated?

Accepted Answer

By a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane driving ATP synthase

Question 14

Which molecule is the key enzyme in the Calvin cycle responsible for carbon fixation?

Accepted Answer

RuBisCO

Question 15

Which phase of the Calvin cycle involves the reduction of 3-phosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)?

Accepted Answer

Reduction

Question 16

How do C4 and CAM plants minimize photorespiration compared to C3 plants?

Accepted Answer

By spatially or temporally separating carbon fixation from the Calvin cycle

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct summary of the inputs and outputs of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

Inputs: H$$_2O$$, light; Outputs: ATP, NADPH, O$$_2$$

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why the citric acid cycle is central to cellular metabolism?

Accepted Answer

It generates NADH and FADH$$_2$$ for the electron transport chain.

Question 19

Which stage of cellular respiration occurs in the cytoplasm and does not require oxygen?

Accepted Answer

Glycolysis

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Accepted Answer

Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as the final electron acceptor, while anaerobic respiration does not.

General Biology: Cell Structure, Metabolism, and Photosynthesis Study Guide

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