Question 1

Which of the following best illustrates the law of conservation of matter in a chemical reaction?

Accepted Answer

The number of atoms of each element is the same in both reactants and products.

Question 2

Water has several emergent properties due to hydrogen bonding. Which property allows insects to walk on water and why?

Accepted Answer

Cohesion, because hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together at the surface.

Question 3

A solution has a pH of 4. Which of the following statements is true about its H$$^+$$ and OH$$^-$$ ion concentrations?

Accepted Answer

It has a higher concentration of H$$^+$$ ions than OH$$^-$$ ions.

Question 4

If Solution A has a pH of 3 and Solution B has a pH of 6, how many times greater is the H$$^+$$ ion concentration in Solution A compared to Solution B?

Accepted Answer

$$10^3$$ times greater

Question 5

Why are buffers important in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

They maintain a stable pH by absorbing excess H$$^+ or OH$^-$$ ions.

Question 6

Which property of carbon most directly contributes to the diversity of organic molecules?

Accepted Answer

Its ability to form four covalent bonds with other atoms.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a way that hydrocarbon skeletons can differ?

Accepted Answer

Type of functional group attached

Question 8

Which statement best describes isomers?

Accepted Answer

Isomers have the same molecular formula but different structures.

Question 9

What is the primary purpose of functional groups on organic molecules in biology?

Accepted Answer

To determine the chemical reactivity and properties of the molecule.

Question 10

Which functional group is characterized by a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms ($$-NH_2$)?

Accepted Answer

Amino group

Question 11

Cells build large macromolecules primarily through which type of reaction?

Accepted Answer

Dehydration reaction

Question 12

Which process breaks down macromolecules into their monomers by adding water?

Accepted Answer

Hydrolysis

Question 13

Which macromolecule class is primarily responsible for storing genetic information?

Accepted Answer

Nucleic acids

Question 14

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of phospholipids compared to other lipids?

Accepted Answer

They contain a phosphate group and are amphipathic.

Question 15

Which level of protein structure is defined by the sequence of amino acids?

Accepted Answer

Primary structure

Question 16

How does the primary structure of a protein determine its three-dimensional shape?

Accepted Answer

The sequence of amino acids determines how the protein folds due to interactions among side chains.

Question 17

Lactose tolerance in some human populations is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A mutation that allows continued production of lactase enzyme into adulthood.

Question 18

A patient is experiencing acidosis (low blood pH). Which buffer system in the blood helps minimize changes in pH?

Accepted Answer

The bicarbonate buffer system: $$HCO_3^- + H$$^+ \rightarrow H_2CO_3$$

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why ice floats on water?

Accepted Answer

Hydrogen bonds in ice create a lattice that makes it less dense than liquid water.

Question 20

Which functional group is present in ATP and is critical for energy transfer in cells?

Accepted Answer

Phosphate group ($$-PO_4$)

General Biology: Chemical Foundations and Macromolecules Study Guide

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