$$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6$} + 6\mathrm{O_2$} \rightarrow 6\mathrm{CO_2$} + 6\mathrm{H_2O} + \text{energy (ATP)}$$

$$6\mathrm{CO_2$} + 6\mathrm{H_2O} + \text{light energy} \rightarrow \mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6$} + 6\mathrm{O_2$}$$

Question 1

Which statement best describes the first law of thermodynamics?

Accepted Answer

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed.

Question 2

A chemical reaction in a cell requires energy input to proceed. This reaction is best classified as:

Accepted Answer

Endergonic

Question 3

Which of the following best explains how ATP functions as an energy shuttle within the cell?

Accepted Answer

ATP stores energy in its phosphate bonds, which are broken to release energy for cellular reactions.

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a way enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction?

Accepted Answer

Increasing the temperature of the reaction

Question 5

During glycolysis, glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvate. What is the net ATP gain per glucose molecule?

Accepted Answer

$$2$$

Question 6

Which electron carriers are produced during the Krebs cycle?

Accepted Answer

NADH and FADH$$_2$$

Question 7

What is the overall balanced chemical equation for cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6$} + 6\mathrm{O_2$} ightarrow 6\mathrm{CO_2$} + 6\mathrm{H_2O} + 	ext{energy (ATP)}$$

Question 8

Alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation both:

Accepted Answer

Regenerate NAD$$^+$$ for glycolysis in the absence of oxygen

Question 9

Which process occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast?

Accepted Answer

Calvin cycle

Question 10

What is the overall equation for photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

$$6\mathrm{CO_2$} + 6\mathrm{H_2O} + 	ext{light energy} ightarrow \mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6$} + 6\mathrm{O_2$}$$

Question 11

Which enzyme is responsible for carbon fixation in the Calvin cycle?

Accepted Answer

Rubisco

Question 12

C4 and CAM photosynthesis are adaptations to:

Accepted Answer

Hot, dry environments

Question 13

During mitosis, which phase is characterized by the alignment of chromosomes at the cell's equatorial plane?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase

Question 14

Which statement correctly contrasts mitosis and meiosis?

Accepted Answer

Mitosis produces two identical diploid cells, while meiosis produces four unique haploid cells.

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of codominance?

Accepted Answer

Human blood type AB, where both A and B alleles are expressed

Question 16

According to Mendel's principle of segregation:

Accepted Answer

Alleles separate during gamete formation, so each gamete receives only one allele.

Question 17

A cross between two heterozygous pea plants (Aa x Aa) for a single trait will result in what expected genotypic ratio?

Accepted Answer

$$1:2:1 (AA$$:Aa:aa)

Question 18

Which pattern of inheritance is described by traits that are inherited from the sex-linked chromosome (usually the X)?

Accepted Answer

Sex-linked

Question 19

Which process in photosynthesis involves the splitting of water molecules to release oxygen?

Accepted Answer

Light-dependent reactions

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of enzyme specificity?

Accepted Answer

Each enzyme binds to a specific substrate, allowing precise catalysis.

General Biology: Energy, Cellular Processes, Photosynthesis, and Genetics Study Guide

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