Question 1

Which of the following best explains why water has a high specific heat compared to most other substances?

Accepted Answer

Hydrogen bonds between water molecules absorb heat when they break and release heat when they form, buffering temperature changes.

Question 2

A patient is diagnosed with sickle cell anemia, a disease caused by a single amino acid substitution in the hemoglobin protein. Which level of protein structure is directly altered by this mutation?

Accepted Answer

Primary structure

Question 3

Which of the following statements about isotopes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Isotopes of an element have different numbers of neutrons.

Question 4

Why are unsaturated fatty acids typically liquid at room temperature, while saturated fatty acids are solid?

Accepted Answer

Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds, causing kinks that prevent tight packing.

Question 5

Which functional group is responsible for forming disulfide bridges that stabilize protein structure?

Accepted Answer

Sulfhydryl group ($$-SH)$$

Question 6

A dehydration reaction is used to build a polysaccharide from monosaccharides. Which of the following best describes what happens during this process?

Accepted Answer

Water is removed to form glycosidic bonds between monosaccharides.

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why carbon is considered the backbone of life?

Accepted Answer

Carbon has four valence electrons, allowing it to form four covalent bonds and create diverse molecular structures.

Question 8

Which of the following is a correct comparison between covalent and ionic bonds?

Accepted Answer

Covalent bonds involve sharing electrons, while ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons and attraction between oppositely charged ions.

Question 9

A molecule of glucose ($$C_6H_{12}O_6$) and a molecule of fructose (C_6H$$_{12}$$O_6) $$are structural isomers. What does this mean?

Accepted Answer

They have different arrangements of atoms but the same molecular formula.

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why water is an excellent solvent for ionic and polar substances?

Accepted Answer

Water's polarity allows it to surround and separate charged and polar molecules.

Question 11

Which of the following macromolecules is NOT formed by true polymerization of monomers?

Accepted Answer

Lipids

Question 12

A person eats a meal rich in starch. Which process in their digestive system breaks down the starch into glucose monomers?

Accepted Answer

Hydrolysis

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of phospholipids in cell membranes?

Accepted Answer

They form a bilayer with hydrophobic tails facing inward and hydrophilic heads facing outward, creating a selective barrier.

Question 14

Which of the following is a function of proteins in living organisms?

Accepted Answer

Catalyzing biochemical reactions as enzymes

Question 15

A protein is exposed to high heat and loses its three-dimensional structure. Which term best describes this process, and what is the likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Denaturation; the protein will lose its function.

Question 16

Which of the following correctly matches a macromolecule with its monomer and primary function?

Accepted Answer

Nucleic acid – nucleotide – genetic information storage

Question 17

Which of the following statements about the structure of an atom is correct?

Accepted Answer

Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus, while electrons orbit the nucleus.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why oxygen in a water molecule carries a partial negative charge?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, so it attracts shared electrons more strongly.

Question 19

Which of the following is a property of water that helps stabilize temperatures in organisms and ecosystems?

Accepted Answer

High specific heat

Question 20

Which of the following functional groups is found in all amino acids?

Accepted Answer

Both carboxyl ($$-COOH) $$and amino ($$-NH_2$) groups

General Biology Exam 1 Study Guide: Atoms, Water, and Biomolecules

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