Question 1

Which of the following best describes how enzymes lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction?

Accepted Answer

By physically manipulating the substrate and altering its orientation to make the reaction more likely.

Question 2

A competitive inhibitor regulates an enzyme by:

Accepted Answer

Binding reversibly to the active site, blocking substrate access.

Question 3

Which organelle is primarily responsible for generating ATP through cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion

Question 4

According to the endosymbiosis theory, which two organelles originated from ancient prokaryotic cells engulfed by a larger cell?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why liver cells contain more smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) than red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Liver cells synthesize and detoxify lipids and hormones, requiring more smooth ER.

Question 6

Which type of cellular transport requires energy and moves substances against their concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 7

A cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. What will happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

Water will move out of the cell, causing it to shrink.

Question 8

Which cytoskeletal element is primarily responsible for cell movement and contraction?

Accepted Answer

Microfilaments

Question 9

During glycolysis, glucose is broken down into which molecule before entering the mitochondria?

Accepted Answer

Pyruvate

Question 10

Which equation correctly represents the overall process of cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6$} + 6\mathrm{O_2$} \rightarrow 6\mathrm{CO_2$} + 6\mathrm{H_2O} + \mathrm{ATP}$$

Question 11

Which of the following statements about ATP is correct?

Accepted Answer

Breaking the bond between the last two phosphates in ATP releases energy for cellular reactions.

Question 12

Which process is responsible for the movement of water across a cell membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration?

Accepted Answer

Osmosis

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cytoskeleton?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis

Question 14

Which of the following best describes facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

Movement of large or charged molecules across the membrane with the help of channel proteins.

Question 15

Which feature is unique to eukaryotic cells compared to prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Presence of a nucleus containing genetic material.

Question 16

Which statement about the nuclear membrane is correct?

Accepted Answer

It contains nuclear pores that allow transport of proteins, mRNA, and ribosomes.

Question 17

Which of the following is a real-life example of active transport in human cells?

Accepted Answer

Sodium-potassium pump moving sodium out and potassium into nerve cells.

Question 18

Which process is used by white blood cells to engulf and destroy bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of lysosomes in the cell?

Accepted Answer

Digesting and recycling waste materials and consumed molecules.

Question 20

Which equation correctly represents the process of photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

$$6\mathrm{CO_2$} + 6\mathrm{H_2O} + 	ext{sunlight} ightarrow \mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6$} + 6\mathrm{O_2$}$$

General Biology Exam 2 Study Notes: Enzymes, Cell Structure, Membrane Transport, and Cytoskeleton

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