Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between potential and kinetic energy in a biological system?

Accepted Answer

Potential energy is stored in the chemical bonds of molecules, while kinetic energy is the energy of motion, such as the movement of ions across a membrane.

Question 2

According to the first law of thermodynamics, which of the following statements is correct?

Accepted Answer

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.

Question 3

Which of the following reactions is an example of an endergonic process in cells?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of proteins from amino acids (anabolic reaction)

Question 4

What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration, and is it an exothermic or endothermic reaction?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + Energy}$$; exothermic

Question 5

During a redox reaction, which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

The substance that loses electrons is oxidized, and the substance that gains electrons is reduced.

Question 6

Which of the following best explains the difference between substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation in aerobic respiration?

Accepted Answer

Substrate-level phosphorylation directly transfers a phosphate group to ADP from a substrate, while oxidative phosphorylation uses a proton gradient and ATP synthase.

Question 7

A patient is exposed to cyanide, a chemical that disrupts the electron transport chain (ETC) in mitochondria. What is the most immediate effect on cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation will decrease dramatically.

Question 8

Which of the following statements about enzymes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction, increasing the reaction rate without being consumed.

Question 9

Which factor is most likely to denature an enzyme and render it nonfunctional?

Accepted Answer

A drastic change in pH

Question 10

In the context of enzyme inhibition, which statement best distinguishes competitive from noncompetitive inhibitors?

Accepted Answer

Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site, while noncompetitive inhibitors bind to a different site on the enzyme.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the main function of ATP in cellular metabolism?

Accepted Answer

ATP provides energy for cellular work by transferring a phosphate group to other molecules (phosphorylation).

Question 12

Which of the following is a shared component between aerobic cellular respiration in mitochondria and photosynthesis in chloroplasts?

Accepted Answer

Electron transport chain

Question 13

Where in the plant cell is the majority of chlorophyll located?

Accepted Answer

In the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts

Question 14

What is the main function of stomata in plant leaves?

Accepted Answer

To allow gas exchange, enabling CO$$_2 to $$enter for photosynthesis and O$$_2 to $$exit

Question 15

Which of the following correctly matches the location and process in the chloroplast?

Accepted Answer

Light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes; Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma.

Question 16

What is the overall chemical equation for photosynthesis, and is it endothermic or exothermic?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{6CO_2 + 6H_2O + light \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6O_2}$$; endothermic

Question 17

During the Calvin cycle, which enzyme is essential for carbon fixation in phase 1?

Accepted Answer

Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO)

Question 18

How many turns of the Calvin cycle are required to produce one molecule of glucose, and what are the total requirements for CO$$_2$$, ATP, and NADPH?

Accepted Answer

6 turns; 6 CO$$_2$$, 18 ATP, 12 NADPH

Question 19

Which of the following best describes photorespiration?

Accepted Answer

A process where RuBisCO fixes O$$_2$$ instead of CO$$_2$$, leading to decreased photosynthetic efficiency

Question 20

How do plants help reduce the volume of atmospheric CO$$_2$$ produced by human activities?

Accepted Answer

By absorbing CO$$_2$$ during photosynthesis and converting it into organic molecules

General Biology Exam 3 Study Guide: Energy, Cellular Respiration, and Photosynthesis

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