Q: Which of the following best describes the central dogma of molecular biology?

$$\displaystyle \text{DNA} \rightarrow \text{RNA} \rightarrow \text{Protein}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the outcome of the Griffith experiment with Streptococcus pneumoniae?

Accepted Answer

It provided evidence for a 'transforming principle' by showing that non-virulent R cells became virulent when mixed with heat-killed S cells.

Question 2

A woman is a carrier for a recessive X-linked disorder. If she has children with a man who does not have the disorder, what is the probability that their son will have the disorder?

Accepted Answer

$$\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}$$

Question 3

Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing the RNA primer during DNA replication in eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Primase

Question 4

In the Meselson-Stahl experiment, which model of DNA replication was supported by the results after two rounds of replication in $$^{14}N $$medium?

Accepted Answer

Semiconservative

Question 5

A man with genotype AaBb (where A and B are dominant alleles) is crossed with a woman with genotype aabb. Assuming independent assortment, what is the probability that their child will have the genotype AaBb?

Accepted Answer

$$\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}$$

Question 6

Which of the following statements about the lac operon in E. coli is correct?

Accepted Answer

The lac operon is most strongly expressed when lactose is present and glucose is absent.

Question 7

Which process is responsible for removing introns from pre-mRNA in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

RNA splicing

Question 8

A mutation changes a codon from UAU to UAA. What type of mutation is this, and what is its likely effect on the protein?

Accepted Answer

Nonsense mutation; results in premature termination of translation

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why telomeres shorten with each round of DNA replication in most somatic cells?

Accepted Answer

DNA polymerase cannot add nucleotides to the 5' end of the lagging strand after removal of the last RNA primer.

Question 10

Which of the following is a direct result of histone acetylation in eukaryotic chromatin?

Accepted Answer

Chromatin becomes less condensed, increasing gene expression.

Question 11

During PCR, which step is responsible for the separation of the DNA double helix?

Accepted Answer

Denaturation

Question 12

A researcher wants to determine if a patient carries a specific genetic mutation. Which technique would be most appropriate for amplifying a small DNA sample to detectable levels?

Accepted Answer

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

$$\displaystyle 	ext{DNA} ightarrow 	ext{RNA} ightarrow 	ext{Protein}$$

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a step in the process of DNA cloning?

Accepted Answer

Amplifying DNA using PCR

Question 15

A pedigree shows a trait that appears in every generation and affects both males and females equally. What is the most likely mode of inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Autosomal dominant

Question 16

Which of the following statements about dideoxy sequencing (Sanger sequencing) is correct?

Accepted Answer

It uses dideoxynucleotides to terminate DNA synthesis at specific bases.

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why the genetic code is described as 'degenerate'?

Accepted Answer

Multiple codons can specify the same amino acid.

Question 18

Which of the following is a post-translational modification that can regulate protein function?

Accepted Answer

Phosphorylation of amino acid residues

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the function of DNA ligase during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

Joins Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand

Question 20

Which of the following statements about genomes is correct?

Accepted Answer

A genome is the complete set of genetic material in an organism.

General Biology Exam 4: Genetics, Molecular Biology, and Biotechnology Study Guide

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