Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of cyclins in the control of cell division?

Accepted Answer

Cyclins regulate the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which control progression through cell cycle checkpoints.

Question 2

A mutation causes a cell to lose the ability to produce functional p53 protein. What is the most likely consequence for the cell?

Accepted Answer

The cell will fail to undergo apoptosis in response to DNA damage, increasing the risk of cancer.

Question 3

During photosynthesis, which molecule acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain of the light reactions?

Accepted Answer

NADP$$^{+}$$

Question 4

Which process is responsible for generating genetic diversity during meiosis?

Accepted Answer

Independent assortment and crossing over

Question 5

A researcher discovers a protein that binds to DNA and increases the rate of transcription of a specific gene. This protein is most likely:

Accepted Answer

A transcription factor

Question 6

Which of the following equations correctly represents the net reaction of glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{C}_6\mathrm{H}_{12}\mathrm{O}_6 + 2\ \mathrm{NAD}^+ + 2\ \mathrm{ADP} + 2\ \mathrm{P}_i \rightarrow 2\ \mathrm{C}_3\mathrm{H}_4\mathrm{O}_3 + 2\ \mathrm{NADH} + 2\ \mathrm{ATP} + 2\ \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O}$$

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why there are over 100,000 proteins in the human proteome but only about 22,000 genes?

Accepted Answer

Alternative splicing and post-translational modifications allow a single gene to produce multiple protein variants.

Question 8

A cell is exposed to a toxin that inhibits ATP synthase. Which process will be directly affected?

Accepted Answer

The generation of ATP from ADP and $$\mathrm{P}_i$$ during oxidative phosphorylation

Question 9

Which of the following is a direct result of signal transduction pathway activation in a cell?

Accepted Answer

Alteration of gene expression or activation of cellular responses

Question 10

A patient has a genetic disorder that affects the structure of their nuclear lamina. Which cellular process is most likely to be disrupted?

Accepted Answer

Chromosome organization and mitosis

Question 11

Which of the following statements about enzyme catalysis is correct?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes lower the activation energy, increasing the rate of reaction.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the function of checkpoints in the cell cycle?

Accepted Answer

They monitor and regulate the progression of the cell cycle, preventing division if errors or damage are detected.

Question 13

A mutation in a gene results in the loss of a splice acceptor site. What is the most likely effect on the resulting protein?

Accepted Answer

The protein will be missing an exon, potentially altering its function.

Question 14

Which of the following is a consequence of a defect in the electron transport chain in mitochondria?

Accepted Answer

Reduced ATP synthesis due to impaired proton gradient formation

Question 15

Which of the following mechanisms allows for the regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Transcription factors binding to promoter regions

Question 16

A cell is observed to have abnormally high levels of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) activity and fails to respond to negative growth regulation signals. What is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

The cell will continue to divide uncontrollably, potentially leading to cancer.

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

Fixation of $$\mathrm{CO}_2$$ into organic molecules such as glucose

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the process of alternative splicing?

Accepted Answer

The joining of different combinations of exons to produce multiple mRNA variants from a single gene

Question 19

A scientist is studying a population of cells that have lost the ability to undergo apoptosis. Which of the following is a likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

The cells will be more resistant to cancer therapies that rely on inducing cell death.

General Biology I - Department of Biology Fall 2025: Syllabus and Core Concepts

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