Question 1

Which of the following best describes a key structural difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus surrounded by a membrane, while prokaryotic cells lack a true nucleus.

Question 2

During DNA replication, which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the double helix?

Accepted Answer

Helicase

Question 3

A cell is observed under a microscope and found to have a large central vacuole, chloroplasts, and a cell wall. Which type of cell is this most likely to be?

Accepted Answer

Plant cell

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why Okazaki fragments are formed during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

DNA polymerase can only synthesize DNA in the $$5' \rightarrow 3'$$ direction, so the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously.

Question 5

During mitosis, which stage is characterized by the alignment of chromosomes along the center of the cell?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase

Question 6

A mutation changes a codon from $$UAC ($$tyrosine) to $$UAA ($$stop). What type of mutation is this?

Accepted Answer

Nonsense mutation

Question 7

Which of the following is a function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis and modification

Question 8

If a cell's actin filaments (microfilaments) were non-functional, which process would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Cell division and movement

Question 9

Which checkpoint in the cell cycle ensures that all chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle before proceeding to anaphase?

Accepted Answer

M checkpoint (spindle checkpoint)

Question 10

Which of the following best describes semiconservative DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

Each new DNA molecule consists of one parental strand and one newly synthesized strand.

Question 11

A cell is exposed to a mutagen that causes a frameshift mutation in a gene coding for a cell cycle checkpoint protein. What is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

The cell may lose control over the cell cycle, increasing the risk of cancer.

Question 12

Which enzyme is responsible for joining Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

DNA ligase

Question 13

During translation, which molecule brings amino acids to the ribosome?

Accepted Answer

tRNA

Question 14

Which of the following is a reason why cancer is more common in older individuals?

Accepted Answer

Mutations accumulate over time, increasing the likelihood of cell cycle regulation errors.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the direction of DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase?

Accepted Answer

DNA polymerase synthesizes DNA in the $$5' \rightarrow 3'$$ direction.

Question 16

A cell is observed to have chromosomes that are not properly separated during anaphase. Which cellular structure is most likely malfunctioning?

Accepted Answer

Spindle fibers (microtubules)

Question 17

Which process involves the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template?

Accepted Answer

Transcription

Question 18

If a gene contains the sequence $$ATG at $$the beginning of its coding region, what is the significance of this sequence?

Accepted Answer

$$ATG$$ codes for methionine and serves as a start codon for translation.

Question 19

Which of the following mutations would most likely have no effect on the protein produced?

Accepted Answer

Silent mutation

Question 20

A patient is diagnosed with a genetic disorder caused by a defect in DNA mismatch repair. Which cellular process is most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

DNA replication fidelity

General Biology Study Guide: Cell Structure, Cell Cycle, DNA Replication, Gene Expression, and Mutations

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