Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis in the context of polymer formation and breakdown?

Accepted Answer

Dehydration synthesis removes water to join monomers into polymers, while hydrolysis adds water to break polymers into monomers.

Question 2

Which carbohydrate is a structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeletons of arthropods and the cell walls of fungi?

Accepted Answer

Chitin

Question 3

A patient is diagnosed with sickle cell disease. Which change at the molecular level is responsible for this condition?

Accepted Answer

A substitution of a polar amino acid for a nonpolar amino acid in hemoglobin

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why phospholipids form bilayers in water?

Accepted Answer

Phospholipids have both hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, causing them to arrange with heads facing water and tails facing inward.

Question 5

Which of the following is a correct statement about the structure of DNA compared to RNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA is usually double-stranded, while RNA is usually single-stranded.

Question 6

Which of the following amino acids is classified as aromatic?

Accepted Answer

Phenylalanine

Question 7

A cell is placed in a solution and water moves out of the cell, causing it to shrink. What type of solution is the cell in?

Accepted Answer

Hypertonic

Question 8

Which organelle is primarily responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Accepted Answer

Lipid synthesis and detoxification

Question 10

Which equation correctly represents the First Law of Thermodynamics?

Accepted Answer

$$\Delta E = q + w$$

Question 11

Which of the following is true about enzyme activity in relation to temperature?

Accepted Answer

Enzyme activity increases with temperature up to an optimal point, then decreases as the enzyme denatures.

Question 12

A scientist adds a competitive inhibitor to an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. What is the most likely effect on the reaction rate?

Accepted Answer

The reaction rate decreases because the inhibitor competes with the substrate for the active site.

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in animal cells?

Accepted Answer

It provides structural support and helps regulate cell behavior.

Question 14

Which process requires energy input from the cell to move substances against their concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

A dynamic structure with proteins and lipids able to move laterally within the bilayer

Question 16

Which equation describes the free energy change of a reaction?

Accepted Answer

$$\Delta G = \Delta H - T\Delta S$$

Question 17

A cell uses a sodium-potassium pump to maintain its membrane potential. Which best describes the movement of ions by this pump?

Accepted Answer

It moves sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, both against their concentration gradients.

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of feedback inhibition in metabolic pathways?

Accepted Answer

A product of a pathway binds to an enzyme early in the pathway and decreases its activity.

Question 19

Which of the following statements about ribosomes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis.

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why cholesterol is important for membrane fluidity?

Accepted Answer

Cholesterol buffers membrane fluidity, preventing it from becoming too rigid at low temperatures and too fluid at high temperatures.

General Biology Study Notes: Biomolecules, Cell Structure, Membranes, and Metabolism

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