Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between a hypothesis and a theory in the scientific process?

Accepted Answer

A hypothesis is a tentative explanation that can be tested, while a theory is a comprehensive explanation supported by a large body of evidence.

Question 2

In a controlled experiment testing the effect of fertilizer on plant growth, which is the dependent variable?

Accepted Answer

The growth of the plant measured over time.

Question 3

Which of the following best describes a dehydration reaction in the formation of macromolecules?

Accepted Answer

A reaction in which water is removed to join two monomers together.

Question 4

Which type of bond is primarily responsible for the secondary structure of proteins?

Accepted Answer

Hydrogen bonds

Question 5

A scientist is testing whether salt concentration affects the rate of enzyme activity. She measures the rate of reaction at different salt concentrations. What is the independent variable in this experiment?

Accepted Answer

The salt concentration

Question 6

Which of the following statements about DNA and RNA is correct?

Accepted Answer

DNA is typically double-stranded, while RNA is usually single-stranded.

Question 7

Which of the following is a correct complementary DNA sequence for the strand 5'-ATCGGTA-3'?

Accepted Answer

3'-TAGCCAT-5'

Question 8

Which of the following macromolecules is primarily used for long-term energy storage in animals?

Accepted Answer

Triglycerides

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why water is lost during the formation of a peptide bond between two amino acids?

Accepted Answer

The carboxyl group of one amino acid reacts with the amino group of another, releasing a water molecule.

Question 10

Which of the following is a major difference between covalent and hydrogen bonds?

Accepted Answer

Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons, while hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between polar molecules.

Question 11

A carbohydrate with the formula $$C_{6}H$$_{12}$$O_{6}$ is classified as which type of molecule?

Accepted Answer

Monosaccharide

Question 12

Which of the following is true about the antiparallel nature of DNA?

Accepted Answer

One strand runs 5' to 3', while the other runs 3' to 5'.

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of phospholipids in biological membranes?

Accepted Answer

Forming a bilayer that acts as a barrier to most water-soluble substances

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of hydrolysis in macromolecule metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Hydrolysis breaks polymers into monomers by adding water.

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct pairing of nitrogenous bases in DNA?

Accepted Answer

Adenine pairs with thymine

Question 16

Which of the following is a structural difference between DNA and RNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA contains deoxyribose sugar, while RNA contains ribose sugar.

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct statement about the structure of proteins?

Accepted Answer

Secondary structure involves alpha helices and beta sheets stabilized by hydrogen bonds.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct description of a phosphodiester bond?

Accepted Answer

A bond between the phosphate group and the sugar in the backbone of DNA or RNA.

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct statement about the denaturation of proteins?

Accepted Answer

Denaturation disrupts the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures without breaking peptide bonds.

Question 20

A patient is diagnosed with a genetic disorder that affects the ability to form hydrogen bonds between DNA bases. Which process would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Replication of DNA

General Biology Study Notes: Foundations, Macromolecules, and Nucleic Acids

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