Question 1

Which of the following best describes the process by which monomers are joined to form polymers in biological macromolecules?

Accepted Answer

Dehydration (condensation) synthesis, which removes a water molecule to form a covalent bond between monomers.

Question 2

A carbohydrate with the chemical formula $$C_{6}H$$_{12}$$O_{6}$ is classified as which type of molecule?

Accepted Answer

Monosaccharide

Question 3

Which of the following statements about saturated and unsaturated fatty acids is correct?

Accepted Answer

Unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds, which can form kinks in the hydrocarbon chain.

Question 4

Which of the following is a function of polysaccharides in plants?

Accepted Answer

Energy storage in the form of starch

Question 5

A peptide bond is formed between two amino acids by which type of reaction?

Accepted Answer

Dehydration (condensation) synthesis

Question 6

Which level of protein structure is primarily stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the amino and carbonyl groups of the polypeptide backbone?

Accepted Answer

Secondary structure

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a component of a nucleotide?

Accepted Answer

Fatty acid tail

Question 8

In DNA, which type of base pairing occurs between the two strands?

Accepted Answer

Pyrimidines pair with purines via hydrogen bonds

Question 9

Which organelle is responsible for the synthesis of most ATP in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion

Question 10

A cell is observed to have a plasma membrane, ribosomes, and a nucleoid region, but lacks membrane-bound organelles. Which type of cell is this most likely to be?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic cell

Question 11

Which of the following statements about membrane fluidity is correct?

Accepted Answer

Membrane fluidity is maintained by hydrophobic/hydrophilic interactions among phospholipids.

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why large polar molecules cannot easily cross the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

They are chemically repelled by the hydrophobic core of the lipid bilayer.

Question 13

Which organelle is primarily responsible for packaging and shipping proteins to other parts of the cell?

Accepted Answer

Golgi apparatus

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct description of the function of ribosomes?

Accepted Answer

Ribosomes are sites of protein synthesis.

Question 15

A mutation disrupts the formation of disulfide bridges in a protein. Which level of protein structure is most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Tertiary structure

Question 16

Which of the following statements about phospholipids in the plasma membrane is true?

Accepted Answer

Phospholipids form a bilayer with hydrophilic heads facing the aqueous environment and hydrophobic tails facing inward.

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of lysosomes in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Degradation of spent organelles and food items via hydrolytic enzymes

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of the nucleolus within the nucleus?

Accepted Answer

It is the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis.

Question 19

A scientist observes a cell with a large central vacuole, chloroplasts, and a cell wall. Which type of cell is this most likely to be?

Accepted Answer

Plant cell

Question 20

Which of the following statements about the synthesis of nucleic acids is correct?

Accepted Answer

Nucleic acid synthesis occurs from 5' to 3' direction due to the action of enzymes attaching nucleotides to the 3' end.

General Biology Study Notes: Macromolecules, Cells, and Membranes

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