Q: Which of the following correctly describes the flow of genetic information in cells?

$$DNA \rightarrow RNA \rightarrow \text{protein}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best explains why pigment molecules are essential for vision in animals?

Accepted Answer

Pigment molecules have a molecular structure that allows them to absorb light energy, initiating a signal in photoreceptor cells.

Question 2

What is the primary function of photoreceptor cells in the retina?

Accepted Answer

They contain pigments that absorb photons and initiate a neural signal.

Question 3

After a photon is absorbed by a pigment molecule in a photoreceptor, what is the immediate molecular consequence?

Accepted Answer

A conformational change occurs in the pigment molecule, triggering a signal transduction cascade.

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the difference between rods and cones in the retina?

Accepted Answer

Rods are responsible for vision in low light, while cones are responsible for color vision and function best in bright light.

Question 5

A person with only SWS (Short Wave Sensitive) and MWS (Medium Wave Sensitive) opsins would most likely:

Accepted Answer

Be a dichromat, unable to distinguish between certain colors.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a fundamental characteristic of life shared by all organisms?

Accepted Answer

Ability to photosynthesize

Question 7

Which statement best summarizes the theory of evolution by natural selection?

Accepted Answer

Individuals with heritable traits that increase survival and reproduction become more common in a population over time.

Question 8

A phylogenetic tree is useful in biology because it:

Accepted Answer

Illustrates evolutionary relationships, showing both the unity and diversity of life.

Question 9

Which of the following correctly describes the flow of genetic information in cells?

Accepted Answer

$$DNA ightarrow RNA ightarrow 	ext{protein}$$

Question 10

Which of the following is a characteristic shared by cells in all three domains of life (Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya)?

Accepted Answer

Use and need for energy (energy metabolism)

Question 11

A mutation in the gene coding for an opsin protein would most directly affect which aspect of vision?

Accepted Answer

The ability to detect specific wavelengths of light (color vision)

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why populations, rather than individuals, evolve?

Accepted Answer

Evolution is the change in the frequency of heritable traits in a population over generations.

Question 13

Which of the following is the correct order of biological organization from gene to organism, as described for the genetics of color vision?

Accepted Answer

GENE $$\rightarrow$$ PROTEIN $$\rightarrow$$ FUNCTIONAL UNIT (PHOTORECEPTOR) $$\rightarrow$$ CELL $$\rightarrow$$ ORGANISM

Question 14

Which of the following is true about the primary structure of a protein?

Accepted Answer

It is determined by the sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

Question 15

A scientist discovers a new single-celled organism. Which of the following characteristics would NOT be sufficient to determine if it belongs to Bacteria, Archaea, or Eukarya?

Accepted Answer

Presence of plasma membrane

Question 16

Which of the following statements about scientific theories is correct?

Accepted Answer

A scientific theory is a broad explanation supported by a large body of evidence.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of the R group (side chain) in an amino acid?

Accepted Answer

It determines the chemical and physical properties of the amino acid.

Question 18

If a population of organisms is exposed to a new environmental pressure, what is most likely to happen according to the theory of natural selection?

Accepted Answer

Individuals with heritable traits that confer an advantage will be more likely to survive and reproduce.

Question 19

Which of the following is a direct result of a conformational change in a photoreceptor pigment after photon absorption?

Accepted Answer

A signal is initiated that can be processed by the nervous system.

General Biology Study Notes: Pigments, Vision, Evolution, and Proteins

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