Question 1

Which of the following best explains why water is essential for plant cell function, particularly in the process of transpiration?

Accepted Answer

Water provides turgor pressure for cell expansion and is lost through stomata during transpiration, facilitating nutrient transport.

Question 2

A plant is showing symptoms of chlorosis (yellowing of leaves). Which mineral deficiency is most likely responsible, and what is the physiological reason?

Accepted Answer

Nitrogen deficiency, because nitrogen is a key component of chlorophyll molecules.

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the overall process of photosynthesis in plants?

Accepted Answer

$$6CO_2 + 6H_2O \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6O_2$$

Question 4

During aerobic respiration in plant mitochondria, which pathway produces the most ATP, and what is the main electron acceptor at the end of this pathway?

Accepted Answer

Electron Transport Chain; $$O_2$$

Question 5

A plant exposed to continuous light fails to flower. Which physiological process is most likely disrupted?

Accepted Answer

Photoperiodism, which relies on the biological clock and light/dark cycles to trigger flowering.

Question 6

Which hormone is primarily responsible for promoting cell elongation in plant stems, and what is its mechanism of action?

Accepted Answer

Auxin; increases cell wall plasticity allowing cell expansion

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the role of the sodium-potassium pump ($$Na^+/K^+-$$ATPase) in animal cell physiology?

Accepted Answer

It uses ATP to actively transport $$3Na^+$$ out and $$2K^+$$ into the cell, maintaining membrane potential.

Question 8

A patient is experiencing muscle weakness and irregular heartbeat. Blood tests reveal low potassium levels. Which physiological process is most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Generation and propagation of action potentials in nerve and muscle cells

Question 9

Which of the following equations represents the net ATP yield from one molecule of glucose during aerobic respiration in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

$$C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + 36-38 ATP$$

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why endothermic animals require more food than ectothermic animals of similar size?

Accepted Answer

Endotherms maintain a constant body temperature through metabolic heat production, which requires more energy.

Question 11

A freshwater fish placed in saltwater will lose water from its body cells. Which physiological process is responsible for this effect?

Accepted Answer

Osmosis, as water moves from an area of low solute concentration (fish body) to high solute concentration (saltwater)

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the function of neurotransmitters at a synapse?

Accepted Answer

They transmit signals across the synaptic cleft by binding to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in the mammalian cardiac cycle?

Accepted Answer

Atrial contraction → Ventricular contraction → Atrial relaxation → Ventricular relaxation

Question 14

Which of the following best explains the role of insulin in blood glucose regulation?

Accepted Answer

Insulin decreases blood glucose by promoting uptake of glucose into cells and stimulating glycogen synthesis.

Question 15

A person is exposed to cold temperatures. Which physiological response helps maintain their core body temperature?

Accepted Answer

Increased metabolic rate and shivering thermogenesis

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the function of the nephron in the vertebrate kidney?

Accepted Answer

It filters blood, reabsorbs needed substances, and excretes waste as urine.

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct description of the role of ATP in muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

ATP provides energy for the myosin head to detach from actin and reset for another contraction cycle.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains the difference between primary and secondary messengers in endocrine signaling?

Accepted Answer

Primary messengers are hormones that bind to cell surface receptors, while secondary messengers are intracellular molecules that relay the signal inside the cell.

Question 19

A person eats a meal high in carbohydrates. Which metabolic pathway is primarily responsible for converting glucose to pyruvate, and what is the net ATP gain per glucose molecule in this pathway?

Accepted Answer

Glycolysis; 2 ATP

General Physiology (BIOL 108): Course Orientation and Study Guide

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