Question 1

Which of the following statements best explains why meiosis, and not mitosis, is essential for sexual reproduction in humans?

Accepted Answer

Meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half, ensuring that fertilization restores the diploid number.

Question 2

A woman with genotype IAi (blood type A) and a man with genotype IBi (blood type B) have a child. What is the probability that their child will have blood type O?

Accepted Answer

$$\frac{1}{4}$$

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology?

Accepted Answer

DNA $$\rightarrow$$ RNA $$\rightarrow$$ Protein

Question 4

A geneticist observes that a certain trait appears in every generation of a pedigree and affected individuals have at least one affected parent. What is the most likely inheritance pattern?

Accepted Answer

Autosomal dominant

Question 5

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the difference between DNA and RNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA contains deoxyribose sugar, while RNA contains ribose sugar.

Question 6

If a plant with genotype Tt (T = tall, t = short) is self-crossed, what is the expected phenotypic ratio of the offspring?

Accepted Answer

3 tall : 1 short

Question 7

Which process is responsible for generating genetic variation during meiosis?

Accepted Answer

Crossing-over and independent assortment

Question 8

A man with genotype X$$^AY ($$normal vision) and a woman with genotype X$$^AX$^a ($$carrier for colorblindness) have a son. What is the probability that their son will be colorblind (X$$^aY$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$\frac{1}{2}$$

Question 9

Which of the following best defines an allele?

Accepted Answer

A version of a gene at a specific locus

Question 10

A student claims that 'dominant traits are always more common in a population.' Which of the following best addresses this misconception?

Accepted Answer

Dominant refers to expression in heterozygotes, not frequency in the population.

Question 11

Which of the following scenarios illustrates codominance?

Accepted Answer

A person with genotype IAIB expresses both A and B blood antigens.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the outcome of mitosis in human cells?

Accepted Answer

Two diploid cells, each with 46 chromosomes identical to the parent

Question 13

A mutation occurs in a gene coding for a protein. Which of the following is a possible outcome?

Accepted Answer

The mutation may be beneficial, neutral, or harmful.

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why siblings from the same parents can look different from each other?

Accepted Answer

Genetic variation arises from independent assortment and crossing-over during meiosis.

Question 15

In a dihybrid cross AaBb × AaBb, what is the expected phenotypic ratio among the offspring, assuming independent assortment?

Accepted Answer

9:3:3:1

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a function of RNA?

Accepted Answer

Long-term storage of genetic information

Question 17

A pedigree shows two unaffected parents with an affected child. What is the most likely explanation for the inheritance pattern?

Accepted Answer

The trait is autosomal recessive.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the relationship between genotype and phenotype?

Accepted Answer

Genotype determines phenotype, but phenotype can also be influenced by the environment.

Question 19

Which of the following events occurs during meiosis but NOT during mitosis?

Accepted Answer

Pairing and crossing-over of homologous chromosomes

Question 20

Which of the following best describes a homozygous genotype?

Accepted Answer

An individual with two identical alleles for a gene (e.g., AA or aa)

Genetics Fundamentals: DNA, Chromosomes, Cell Division, and Inheritance

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