Question 1

Which of the following best describes the sliding filament mechanism in skeletal muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Actin filaments slide past myosin filaments, shortening the sarcomere.

Question 2

A patient is unable to generate enough body heat and is always cold. Which system is most likely malfunctioning, and why?

Accepted Answer

Muscular system, because muscle contractions generate most body heat.

Question 3

During muscle contraction, which event occurs immediately after the action potential reaches the muscle fiber?

Accepted Answer

Release of calcium ions ($$\mathrm{Ca$$^{2+}$$}) $$from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Question 4

Which of the following best distinguishes isotonic from isometric muscle contractions?

Accepted Answer

Isotonic contractions change muscle length, while isometric contractions do not change muscle length.

Question 5

Which muscle is primarily responsible for separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities and plays a key role in breathing?

Accepted Answer

Diaphragm

Question 6

During inhalation, what happens to the pressure inside the lungs compared to atmospheric pressure?

Accepted Answer

Lung pressure decreases below atmospheric pressure, causing air to flow in.

Question 7

A person suffers damage to their intercostal muscles. Which of the following is most likely to be affected?

Accepted Answer

The ability to expand and contract the rib cage during breathing.

Question 8

Which structure in the digestive system is primarily responsible for nutrient absorption due to its large surface area?

Accepted Answer

Small intestine

Question 9

Which of the following best explains the function of peristalsis in the digestive system?

Accepted Answer

It moves food through the digestive tract by coordinated muscle contractions.

Question 10

A person has a mutation in a gene that codes for a digestive enzyme produced in the pancreas. Which process is most likely to be impaired?

Accepted Answer

Breakdown of macromolecules in the small intestine.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes a gene?

Accepted Answer

A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein.

Question 12

If a human cell has 46 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will be present in a gamete produced by meiosis?

Accepted Answer

$$23$$

Question 13

A woman with genotype $$Aa ($$where $$A is $$dominant and $$a is $$recessive) has a child with a man who is $$aa. $$What is the probability their child will be heterozygous?

Accepted Answer

$$50\%$$

Question 14

Which of the following best describes codominance?

Accepted Answer

Both alleles are fully expressed in the phenotype.

Question 15

Which law states that alleles for different traits are distributed to gametes independently?

Accepted Answer

Law of Independent Assortment

Question 16

A male inherits a recessive X-linked disorder. Which of the following is most likely true?

Accepted Answer

He inherited the allele from his mother.

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why some recessive genetic disorders remain prevalent in human populations?

Accepted Answer

Carriers do not express the disorder and can pass the allele to offspring.

Question 18

A karyotype is used to:

Accepted Answer

Visualize the number and structure of chromosomes in a cell.

Question 19

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates polygenic inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Human skin color, which is influenced by multiple genes.

Question 20

During meiosis, what process can create new combinations of alleles on a chromosome?

Accepted Answer

Crossing over

Human Biology Exam 2 Review: Muscular, Respiratory, Digestive Systems & Genetics

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