Question 1

Which scientist first isolated 'nuclein' from white blood cells, marking the initial discovery of DNA?

Accepted Answer

Friedrich Miescher

Question 2

What was the key finding of Griffith's experiment with Streptococcus pneumoniae in 1928?

Accepted Answer

A physical trait can be transferred from one cell to another

Question 3

Which experiment provided definitive evidence that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material?

Accepted Answer

Hershey and Chase's bacteriophage experiment

Question 4

According to Chargaff’s Rule, which of the following equations correctly represents the relationship between DNA bases?

Accepted Answer

$$A = T$$

Question 5

Rosalind Franklin’s X-ray diffraction studies revealed that DNA has a helical structure with a consistent diameter. What is the diameter of the DNA double helix?

Accepted Answer

$$2 \mathrm{\ nm}$$

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the directionality of the two strands in a DNA double helix?

Accepted Answer

They run antiparallel: one 5' to 3', the other 3' to 5'

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a key concept in molecular biology as outlined in the study materials?

Accepted Answer

Photosynthesis

Question 8

What are the three components of a nucleotide?

Accepted Answer

Phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base

Question 9

In the central dogma of molecular biology, what is the correct sequence of information flow?

Accepted Answer

DNA $$\rightarrow$$ RNA $$\rightarrow$$ Protein

Question 10

Which scientist discovered the four major components of DNA: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine?

Accepted Answer

Phoebus Levene

Question 11

A mutation occurs in a gene that changes an adenine (A) to a guanine (G). According to Chargaff’s Rule, what effect will this have on the ratio of A to T in the DNA?

Accepted Answer

The ratio of A to T will decrease

Question 12

Which process describes the copying of DNA to produce identical DNA molecules?

Accepted Answer

Replication

Question 13

In Hershey and Chase’s experiment, which radioactive isotope was used to label DNA?

Accepted Answer

$$^{32}\mathrm{P}$$

Question 14

Which of the following statements about the structure of DNA is correct?

Accepted Answer

DNA consists of two antiparallel polynucleotide strands forming a double helix

Question 15

How many base pairs are there per complete turn of the DNA double helix?

Accepted Answer

$$10$$

Question 16

Which scientist’s work directly led to the understanding that the amounts of A and T, and G and C, are equal in DNA?

Accepted Answer

Erwin Chargaff

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of bacterial transformation as described in the study materials?

Accepted Answer

A non-virulent strain of bacteria becomes virulent after exposure to heat-killed virulent bacteria

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a building block of DNA?

Accepted Answer

Uracil

Question 19

Which process in the central dogma involves the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template?

Accepted Answer

Transcription

Question 20

Which scientist’s work with X-ray diffraction was critical in revealing the helical structure of DNA?

Accepted Answer

Rosalind Franklin

Introduction to Molecular Genetics and Genomics: Fundamentals of DNA and RNA

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